The Nature and Causes of “Hookworm Anemia”

Roche, Marcel; Layrisse, Miguel

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.1032

Cited by 225 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…Similar to musk deer, higher prevalence of Trichuris, Ascaris and coccidian were reported previously in spotted deer (Varadharajan & Kandasamy 2000). The high frequency of nematodes may cause iron deficiency anemia and abdominal disorders, which can have significant impact on rare species like musk deer (Roche 1988). Prevalence of Paramphistomum sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastro Intestinal Parasites of Musk Deer (Moschus Chryso-Gaster Hodgson, 1839) in Langtang National Park, Nepal

Achhami

Sharma

Bam

2016

J. Inst. Sci. Tech.

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This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of musk deer in Langtang National Park, Nepal. A total of 9 fecal samples were collected systematically and analyzed using standard procedures during May-June, 2014. Overall 7 species of parasites including 4 nematodes, 1 cestode, 1 trematode and 1 protozoan parasite were recorded. Prevalence of Ascaris sp. was high (88.89%) followed by Eimeria sp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastro Intestinal Parasites of Musk Deer (Moschus Chryso-Gaster Hodgson, 1839) in Langtang National Park, Nepal

Achhami

Sharma

Bam

2016

J. Inst. Sci. Tech.

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“…Although the reducing environment of the digestive vacuole is an unresolved issue, erythrocytes contain 1.2 mM GSH and 0.006 mM cysteine (32). The reductant concentration of the hookworm intestine is unknown, but given the large volume of blood that the worms ingest and subsequently lyse (17,38), we have assumed that the concentration is similar to that found in blood. Ac-CP-2, like other papain family enzymes, was dependent on a reducing agent for activity.…”

Section: Ac-apr-1 Ac-cp-2 and Ac-mep-1 Degrade Hb In A Semiorderedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrostatic pressure of the nematode pseudocoelom ensures that blood ingested by adult hookworms has a rapid passage time through the intestine and out of the anus (38). It is therefore important for the parasite to quickly lyse ingested erythrocytes (17) and employ fast acting hemoglobinases in the intestinal lumen.…”

Section: Ac-apr-1 Ac-cp-2 and Ac-mep-1 Degrade Hb In A Semiorderedmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-enzyme Cascade of Hemoglobin Proteolysis in the Intestine of Blood-feeding Hookworms

Williamson¹,

Lecchi

Turk

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

157

115

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Blood-feeding pathogens digest hemoglobin (Hb) as a source of nutrition, but little is known about this process in multicellular parasites. The intestinal brush border membrane of the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, contains aspartic proteases (APR-1), cysteine proteases (CP-2), and metalloproteases (MEP-1), the first of which is known to digest Hb. We now show that Hb is degraded by a multi-enzyme, synergistic cascade of proteolysis. Recombinant APR-1 and CP-2, but not MEP-1, digested native Hb and denatured globin. MEP-1, however, did cleave globin fragments that had undergone prior digestion by APR-1 and CP-2. Proteolytic cleavage sites within the Hb ␣ and ␤ chains were determined for the three enzymes, identifying a total of 131 cleavage sites. By scanning synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries with each enzyme, we compared the preferred residues cleaved in the libraries with the known cleavage sites within Hb. The semi-ordered pathway of Hb digestion described here is surprisingly similar to that used by Plasmodium to digest Hb and provides a potential mechanism by which these hemoglobinases are efficacious vaccines in animal models of hookworm infection.

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“…[7,8] Heavy hookworm burden is the major etiology for iron deÞ ciency anemia in young children. [9][10][11] The present study was conducted with the objective to assess the prevalence rates of intestinal geohelminth and other intestinal parasitic infections in 926 children of age group 6 to 23 months in rural setting of India. We also assessed the association of intestinal geohelminths with certain risk factors such as access to safe drinking water and hygiene related practices of the community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors associated with worm infestation in pre-school children (6-23 months) in selected blocks of Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand, India

Awasthi

Verma

Kotecha³

et al. 2008

Indian J Med Sci

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The Nature and Causes of “Hookworm Anemia”

Cited by 225 publications

References 0 publications

Gastro Intestinal Parasites of Musk Deer (Moschus Chryso-Gaster Hodgson, 1839) in Langtang National Park, Nepal

Gastro Intestinal Parasites of Musk Deer (Moschus Chryso-Gaster Hodgson, 1839) in Langtang National Park, Nepal

A Multi-enzyme Cascade of Hemoglobin Proteolysis in the Intestine of Blood-feeding Hookworms

Prevalence and risk factors associated with worm infestation in pre-school children (6-23 months) in selected blocks of Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand, India

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