The natural triterpenoid toosendanin as a potential control agent of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus in microalgal cultures

Low doses of the quaternary ammonium salt Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide can be used as a pesticide to control grazers in microalgal cultures

“…With an estimated cost of 10 $ kg -1 CTAB, the cost for eradication of the tested grazers in 100 m 3 ponds varies from 0.7 to 1.3 $ (Table 1). In comparison with previously reported chemical control agents such as rotenone and toosendanin, the effective CTAB dose is ~ 10 to 500-fold higher [11,28,29]. Although, rotenone and toosendanin are effective at very low concentrations, their cost kg -1 is ~ 7.5 to 250-fold higher compared to CTAB, which makes the application cost to a 100 m 3 algal pond similar or higher compared to CTAB (Table 1).…”

“…Although, rotenone and toosendanin are effective at very low concentrations, their cost kg -1 is ~ 7.5 to 250-fold higher compared to CTAB, which makes the application cost to a 100 m 3 algal pond similar or higher compared to CTAB (Table 1). In comparison with quinine sulfate and ammonium bicarbonate, the effective CTAB dose is ~ 14 to 1000-fold lower [29,30]. The higher dose needed in combination with the higher cost of ~ 20 $ kg -1 for quinine sulfate makes this chemical ~ 25 times more costly to apply to a 100 m 3 culture suspension.…”

Special issue in honour of Prof. Reto J. Strasser - Efficacy of botanical pesticide for rotifer extermination during the cultivation of Nannochloropsis oculata probed by chlorophyll a fluorescence transient

“…Biological contamination, as a major hindrance to mass cultivation, impedes industrial-scale cultivation of microalgae (Xu et al 2019). During large-scale cultivation, microalgae are susceptible to zooplankton contaminations, such as rotifers, ciliates, and cladocerans (Huang et al 2014a, Acosta et al 2015.…”

Biological control of ciliate contamination in Chlamydomonas culture using the predatory copepod Acanthocyclops robustus

“…Moreno-Garrido and Canavate [8] used quinine sulphate to control contamination of a Dunaliella culture by hypotrich ciliates. More recently, Xu et al [12] demonstrated the use of the natural plant chemical toosendanin to control contamination by the ciliate Stylonychia in a Chlorella culture. In a previous study, we used natural chemicals produced by marine microalgae as a defense against predators to control contamination of Chlamydomonas cultures by the ciliate Sterkiella [13].…”