The natural product biomarkers in succinite, glessite and stantienite ambers from Bitterfeld, Germany

Inside amber: New insights into the macromolecular structure of Class Ib resinite

“…It has been suggested that these terpenoid compounds present in Class I resinite may be useful indicators for determining botanical origin (Langenheim, 2003). Although released from the resinite through Py-GC-MS techniques, at least some portion can also be separated through simple solvent extraction (Mills et al, 1984/85;Yamamoto, 2006) and they are often described as being occluded within the polymer matrix and not bound (Anderson and Winans, 1991;Clifford et al, 1999;Lambert et al;Poulin and Helwig, 2012). In addition, thermal desorption experiments conducted at 300 °C have been found to release these compounds from Class I resinite, without breaking apart the macromolecular structure, which also indicates that at least to some extent, these terpenoid compounds are occluded (Bray and Anderson, 2008).…”

“…9, segments of the Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake chromatograms have been expanded to show reaction products of monoterpenes and diterpenes that are not structurally attached to the polymer matrix. Reactions between monoterpene alcohols and diterpene acids in Class Ia resinites have been shown to form monoterpanyl diterpenoates (Czechowski et al, 1996;Yamamoto et al, 2006). In contrast to Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake resinite, non-polymerized diterpene acids are relatively abundant within the macromolecular structure of Class Ia resinite (Gough and Mills, 1972;Anderson and Botto, 1993;Yamamoto et al, 2006).…”

“…Reactions between monoterpene alcohols and diterpene acids in Class Ia resinites have been shown to form monoterpanyl diterpenoates (Czechowski et al, 1996;Yamamoto et al, 2006). In contrast to Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake resinite, non-polymerized diterpene acids are relatively abundant within the macromolecular structure of Class Ia resinite (Gough and Mills, 1972;Anderson and Botto, 1993;Yamamoto et al, 2006). It is not surprising, therefore, to find that over time in Class Ia resinite the abietane and pimarane acids undergo esterification with available fenchol, borneol and iso-borneol.…”

Composição molecular e origem paleobotânica de âmbares da bacia do Araripe, Formação Santana

“…Além disso, destaca-se que triterpenos não foram detectados nas amostras, o que exclui as angiospermas como fonte para as resinas fósseis analisadas. 34 Dessa forma, a proposição feita anteriormente que amostras de âmbar tenham sido produzidas especificamente por coníferas da família Araucariaceae deve ser revista, 10 uma vez que Podocarpaceae também é uma possibilidade a ser considerada em maior detalhe.…”

Differentiating diterpene resin acids using ToF‐SIMS and principal component analysis: new tools for assessing the geochemistry of amber

“…Ambers are comprised of a wide range of terpenoids, carboxylic acids, alcohols, and associated esters, all of which are prone to diagenetic chemical modification. Numerous analytical techniques have been applied to the study of amber organic chemistry, each having its own distinct set of advantages and weaknesses . These techniques include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS).…”