The Natural History of Invertebrate Visual Pigments

Goldsmith, Timothy H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65066-6_17

Cited by 55 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…There is evidence that the photopigments in many invertebrate photoreceptors have two thermostable forms or states that are photointerconvertible (see reviews by Goldsmith, 1972 ;Hamdorf, 1979). Absorption of photons by the state called rhodopsin is primarily responsible for the generation of the receptor potential (Hamdorf et al ., 1968); however, absorption of photons by the other state, metarhodopsin, can also affect the membrane potential, notably when the membrane has previously been depolarized by a massive conversion of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin (Hochstein et al ., 1973) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microspectrophotometry of single rhabdoms in the retina of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera male).

Muri¹,

Jones²

1983

The Journal of General Physiology

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The relative absorption spectra of the bistable photopigment of single rhabdoms from the dorsal region of the retina of the honeybee drone were obtained using slices of retina fixed in glutaraldehyde ; less accurate measurements on unfixed tissue gave difference spectra that were similar to those for fixed retinae. The method used was based on measurements of absorbance changes during saturating adaptations of the visual pigment to different monochromatic lights . It is similar to previous methods based on measurements of difference spectra amplitudes, but is simpler to use and more accurate . The predominant pigment has states that absorb maximally at 446 (rhodopsin) and 505 nm (metarhodopsin). In addition, there is a small amount of another pigment whose two states absorb maximally at^-340 (UV) and 460 nm .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microspectrophotometry of single rhabdoms in the retina of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera male).

Muri¹,

Jones²

1983

The Journal of General Physiology

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“…Recent research has clearly established that the two visual pigment states R (rhodopsin) and M (metarhodopsin) are expressed in the electrically measurable cell responses (review Hamdorf, 1979). The present consensus is that rhodopsin photosensitivity is the only determinant for the spectral sensitivity of the dark adapted cell at low light intensities (Goldsmith, 1972;Atzmon et al, 1978;Strong and Lisman, 1978). High light intensities of a selected wavelength range eliciting a high rhodopsin conversion rate versus little metarhodopsin conversion result in prolonged depolarizing afterpotentials (PDA); wavelengths inducing a high metarhodopsin conversion rate annihilate the PDA (barnacle: Hochstein et al, 1973;blowfly: Hamdorf and Razmjoo, 1977;Muijser et al, 1975;dronefly: Tsukahara et al, 1977;Limulus: Nolte and Brown, 1972;Minke et al, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid photopigment conversions in blowfly visual sense cells consequences for receptor potential and pupillary response

Muijser

Stavenga

1979

Biophys. Struct. Mechanism

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Abstract. Combined optical and electrophysiological experiments on the kinetics of visual pigment conversions in blowfly and the resulting pupillary response and late receptor potential are described. The photometrically detectable conversions of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin in the living wild type fly are completed within 0.5 ms. Prolonged pupillary responses and receptor potentials occur upon intense blue flashes. Subsequent intense red flashes abolish the prolonged responses in the case of both membrane potential and the pupil. The interrelation of potential and pupil is discussed.

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“…Recent experiments of Hsu & Molday (1993) show that isolated light-dependent channels are also affected by Ca2+-calmodulin. The modulation of the channels by Ca2+ may be small under physiological conditions, since perfusion of intact rod outer segments with calmodulin or calmodulin inhibitors seems to have no effect on the lightdependent conductance (Gray-Keller, Polans, Palczewski & Detwiler, 1993;P. B. Detwiler, personal communication).…”

Section: Bleachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bleached pigment activates transduction in isolated rods of the salamander retina.

Cornwall

Fain

1994

The Journal of Physiology

194

200

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1. We have used suction electrode recording together with rapid steps into Li' solution and 0 5 mM IBMX solution to estimate the rates of the guanylyl phosphodiesterase (PDE) and guanylyl cyclase in isolated rods of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. 2. We show that both the PDE and cyclase velocities are accelerated by steady background light. The steady velocities of both enzymes appear to be saturating functions of background intensity. 3. Bleaching also accelerates both the PDE and cyclase. This effect is maintained long after the bleaching stimulus is removed (up to 2 h) and is reversed only if the photopigment is regenerated with exogenous chromophore. 4. The estimated steady-state PDE and cyclase velocities appear to be linear functions of the amount of pigment bleached, as if each bleached pigment molecule activated the transduction cascade with the same probability and gain. 5. The effectiveness of bleached pigment in activating transduction is only 10-6 to times that of activated rhodopsin (Rh*), but this is sufficient after large bleaches to produce an 'equivalent background' excitation of the rod, which is probably responsible, at least in part, for bleaching desensitization.When the eye is exposed to light bright enough to bleach a significant fraction of the visual pigment, the sensitivity of the visual system is greatly depressed and recovers slowly. This phenomenon, known as dark adaptation or bleaching adaptation, is still poorly understood. Since the recovery of sensitivity has a time course which is approximately the same as the regeneration of visual pigment (Rushton, 1965), it is reasonable to suppose that the loss of pigment is somehow responsible for the loss of sensitivity. However, it has long been realized that the decrease in sensitivity is much greater than would be expected from the decrease in the probablility of light absorption by the photopigment (Campbell & Rushton, 1955). The visual system appears to produce a bleaching signal that elevates threshold much more than simple loss of pigment would predict.To investigate the nature of this bleaching signal, we have recorded from isolated rods of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Earlier experiments have shown that the bleaching of pigment in these photoreceptors produces a loss of sensitivity which, like that in the visual system as a whole, is considerably greater than expected from the decrease in pigment concentration (Cornwall, Fein & MacNichol, 1990). Furthermore, the light responses of bleached rods at steady state have many of the characteristics of those of rods in the presence of background light: sensitivity is decreased, circulating current is reduced, and the decay time of the response to brief flashes is accelerated. These observations suggest that bleaching may desensitize the rods by producing an 'equivalent background' excitation, as first suggested from psychophysical experiments by Stiles & Crawford (1932).Furthermore, the similarity of responses in the presence of background light and after bleaches suggests t...

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The Natural History of Invertebrate Visual Pigments

Cited by 55 publications

References 105 publications

Microspectrophotometry of single rhabdoms in the retina of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera male).

Microspectrophotometry of single rhabdoms in the retina of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera male).

Rapid photopigment conversions in blowfly visual sense cells consequences for receptor potential and pupillary response

Bleached pigment activates transduction in isolated rods of the salamander retina.

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