The Natural Fallacy in a Post‐Truth era

Alves, Mariana R. P.

doi:10.15252/embr.201949859

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Both of those “black-or-white” perspectives carry biases that can make it difficult to make rational and science-based decisions during the development of regulatory frameworks on this subject. In view of the “post-truth era” conjuncture, understanding the permeability of regulatory policies to a society’s values, beliefs, and prejudices is essential in order to avoid adopting practices that could have a negative impact on public health instead of protecting it and reducing harms (Alves 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical cannabis regulation: an overview of models around the world with emphasis on the Brazilian scenario

2022

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Cannabis sativa has accompanied humankind since ancient times, permeating the most diverse aspects of its existence, among which the search for health promotion and well-being stands out. Nevertheless, during the twentieth century, a series of restrictions and controls have been adopted internationally to prevent the abusive use of this species. Despite that, there has been an increased demand for the medical use of cannabis and its derivatives in the last few decades, especially among patients with debilitating conditions for which the existing therapeutic alternatives are limited. Accordingly, several countries have adopted regulatory strategies to allow access to cannabis-based products. This study aimed to overview the existing regulatory frameworks for medical cannabis around the world, focusing on the current Brazilian scenario. In addition to supply and access regulation aspects, some quality-related issues regarding cannabis-based pharmaceutical products were addressed, with emphasis on risks to patients. The literature research was performed between October 2020 and March 2021. According to the retrieved information, by the time the data collection was completed, thirty-six countries had already implemented regulatory frameworks regarding medical cannabis, and sixteen countries had models under development or in the process of implementation. The characteristics of the assessed regulatory strategies vary considerably from country to country, reflecting sociocultural, historical, and political aspects. Among the key aspects that differed between the assessed models, one can highlight the type of cannabis products that are made available and the technical requirements applied to them, as well as the possible access mechanisms. Different supply regulation strategies were also observed regarding cannabis cultivation, production licensing, and distribution mechanisms. In Brazil, an evolution of the regulatory framework has been noticeable since 2015, even though pending points are still to be addressed, among which are the species’ cultivation and the access to it for scientific research purposes. Constructing a regulatory model which provides access to good quality cannabis-based medicines that may meet the patient’s needs is still a challenge in the coming years, requiring the engagement of various stakeholders, including regulators, members of the academic community, prescribing professionals, and patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical cannabis regulation: an overview of models around the world with emphasis on the Brazilian scenario

2022

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“…Linnaean taxonomy reflects a social history and practice that continues to consolidate authority in the Global North under the assumption of scientific objectivity. As we grapple with the questions above as a global community, Western science must give up the fallacy of presenting itself as neutral and objective [95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102], which remain dominant tenets of training and discourse to this day. As sociologist William Jamal Richardson reminds us, "[we] can't understand the production of knowledge and science independent of its relationship to societal interests and structures of power" [9].…”

Section: (C) the Consequences Of Upholding Imperialist Structures Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global inequity in scientific names and who they honor

DuBay

Palmer

Piland

2020

Preprint

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Linnaean taxonomy is a cornerstone of Western biology in which organisms are given a two-part name (a genus and species), creating biological units that help us order and manage our knowledge of the living world. In this system, the names of species themselves take on additional functions, such as describing features of the organism or honoring individuals (known as eponyms). Here, we interrogate how power and authority over the natural world are claimed through Western scientific naming practices to evaluate the legacies of imperialism, dispossession, and exclusion in these practices. We compile and analyze a dataset of all bird species descriptions from 1950 to present, asking: who has access and power to name species, and who is honored in species names? We show that 95% of newly described species are described from the global South, but the majority of species and eponyms are described by authors, and named after individuals, from the global North. We find an increase through time in authors from the global South, which is associated with a rise in eponyms that honor individuals from global South countries. However, this formal inclusion of global South authors has not translated into increases in first authorship (a primary form of credit and authority in Western science). We contextualize these disparities in naming and authorship within broader global structures of access and power put in place through centuries of European and U.S. imperialism, but a historical perspective alone ignores institutional and individual agency and incentives in present-day actions. As we increasingly reflect on the social foundations and impacts of our science, these findings show how research and labor in the global South continue to be disproportionately translated into power and authority in the global North, upholding and re-enacting imperial structures of domination.

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“…De lo anterior, se deduce que la clave para enfrentar los usos maliciosos de la tecnología está en asumir un enfoque integral, que incluya los aspectos, culturales, históricos, morales, políticos, filosóficos, teniendo como centro el componente educativo por encima del instructivo. Esto indudablemente requiere, de sentido de pertenencia con el enfoque humano que debe derivarse de las ciencias que originan el desarrollo tecnológico, en un contexto social en que los valores no se vean interferidos en las aplicaciones que se ofrecen en este espacio (Alves, 2020).…”

Section: Lecturas a Considerarunclassified

Dilemas éticos en el escenario de la inteligencia artificial

Arencibia

Cardero

2020

Econom. y Socied.

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La importancia del tratamiento del tema asociado a los usos maliciosos de los resultados de la Inteligencia Artificial, está marcando el debate actual de los estudios que se realizan desde las instituciones académicas, por sus implicaciones negativas en el escenario social. En este sentido el propósito de esta investigación, consiste en repensar los dilemas éticos de los desarrollos tecnológicos en el marco de la sociedad digital. Con este propósito la pregunta de investigación es la siguiente: ¿Cómo eliminar los riesgos de un uso malicioso del desarrollo tecnológico en el ámbito de la Inteligencia Artificial? El estudio permite, identificar los puntos críticos que están afectando la sociedad desde las aplicaciones tecnológicas, y promover el debate en torno, a sus soluciones. La conclusión central es que la epistemología para la solución de los dilemas éticos, está por encima de la naturaleza técnica de la Inteligencia Artificial, y exige repensar este fenómeno desde un enfoque multidisciplinario con énfasis en el componente social, observando la práctica de la construcción de los sistemas digitales y sus algoritmos desde un enfoque ético.

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The Natural Fallacy in a Post‐Truth era

Abstract: The natural sciences are not immune to societal values and beliefs. Understanding the interference of these factors is key to protect science from becoming a servant to opportunistic interests.

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Medical cannabis regulation: an overview of models around the world with emphasis on the Brazilian scenario

Medical cannabis regulation: an overview of models around the world with emphasis on the Brazilian scenario

Global inequity in scientific names and who they honor

Dilemas éticos en el escenario de la inteligencia artificial

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