The natural enemies of privets ( Ligustrum : Oleaceae): a literature review, with particular reference to biological control.

Abstract

The arthropod and fungal natural enemies of privets (Ligustrum spp., Oleaceae) are listed, based on the data from taxonomic and nomenclatural websites, printed and electronic literature searches, including CAB Abstracts. Initially, the lists were compiled to identify and assess those natural enemies occurring on Ligustrum robustum in its indigenous Asian range as part of a classical biological control programme for the island of La Réunion, where this privet species has become a problematic invasive alien weed. However, because other species of Ligustrum are also posing invasive problems in other parts of the world, wherever they have been introduced, the lists have been expanded to cover all species in the genus. These records of natural enemies of Ligustrum, together with the distribution data, should enable those involved with the issues of invasive privets to assess the potential of classical biological control as an option for their management. As a further aid, an overview of those natural enemies considered to have the highest potential as classical biological control agents for L. robustum is included.

Local knowledge and the utilization of non-medicinal plants in home garden by the people of Donorejo Village in the Menoreh Karst Area, Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia

“…The shrub of L. ovalifolium is a member of the Oleaceae family. The L. ovalifolium is fairly universally distributed (Shaw et al 2018). This plant is appropriate for use as a hedge because it can attain a height of roughly 2 meters and has thick, dense leaves (Jang et al 2020).…”

Decadal Patterns of Forest and Pollinator Recovery Following the Eradication of an Invasive Shrub

“…Despite the success of this restoration effort, privet will eventually return to pretreatment level without further intervention (Hudson et al, 2014). The long-term recovery of areas invaded by this and similar shrubs will require a large and sustained commitment of resources (Benez-Secanho et al, 2018) over increasingly large areas (Wang et al, 2016) or the development of alternative control strategies such as biocontrol (Shaw et al, 2018).…”

Commodity risk assessment of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum vulgare plants from the UK

“… N Pest name EPPO code Group Pest present in the UK Present in the EU Ligustrum confirmed as a host (reference) Pest can be associated with the commodity Impact Justification for inclusion in this list 1 Cytospora pruinosa var. ligustri – Fungi Yes Restricted (only single report from Austria in 1910) Ligustrum vulgare (Shaw et al., 2018 ) Yes No data Doubtful taxonomic identity 1 and uncertainty about impact 2 Phomopsis brachyceras – Fungi Yes Restricted (Belgium, Denmark, Romania) Ligustrum vulgare (Shaw et al., 2018 ) Yes No data Uncertainty about impact 1 The taxonomic identity of the variety is already doubted in Grove ( 1923 ): ‘Strasser places this variety under ‘ Dendrophoma pruinosa ’, which is what Tulasne states to be the spermogone of his Valsa cypri on Ligustrum . Valsa cypri also occurs on Fraxinus , but the British specimens on Ligustrum may not belong to that species’.…”