The natural and social history of the indigenous lands and protected areas corridor of the Xingu River basin

Schwartzman, Stephan; Boas, André Villas; Ono, Katia Yukari; Fonseca, Marisa Gesteira; Doblas, Juan; Zimmerman, Barbara; Junqueira, Paulo; Jerozolimski, Adriano; Salazar, Marcelo; Junqueira, Rodrigo Prates; Torres, Maurício

doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0308

Cited by 30 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…; Schwartzman et al. ). Instead, wilderness areas are free of large‐scale land conversion, dense human settlements, industrial activity, and infrastructure development (Watson et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation

Allan

Kormos²,

Jaeger

et al. 2017

Conservation Biology

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Wilderness areas are ecologically intact landscapes predominantly free of human uses, especially industrial-scale activities that result in substantial biophysical disturbance. This definition does not exclude land and resource use by local communities who depend on such areas for subsistence and bio-cultural connections. Wilderness areas are important for biodiversity conservation and sustain key ecological processes and ecosystem services that underpin planetary life-support systems. Despite these widely recognized benefits and values of wilderness, they are insufficiently protected and are consequently being rapidly eroded. There are increasing calls for multilateral environmental agreements to make a greater and more systematic contribution to wilderness conservation before it is too late. We created a global map of remaining terrestrial wilderness following the established last-of-the-wild method, which identifies the 10% of areas with the lowest human pressure within each of Earth's 62 biogeographic realms and identifies the 10 largest contiguous areas and all contiguous areas >10,000 km . We used our map to assess wilderness coverage by the World Heritage Convention and to identify gaps in coverage. We then identified large nationally designated protected areas with good wilderness coverage within these gaps. One-quarter of natural and mixed (i.e., sites of both natural and cultural value) World Heritage Sites (WHS) contained wilderness (total of 545,307 km ), which is approximately 1.8% of the world's wilderness extent. Many WHS had excellent wilderness coverage, for example, the Okavango Delta in Botswana (11,914 km ) and the Central Suriname Nature Reserve (16,029 km ). However, 22 (35%) of the world's terrestrial biorealms had no wilderness representation within WHS. We identified 840 protected areas of >500 km that were predominantly wilderness (>50% of their area) and represented 18 of the 22 missing biorealms. These areas offer a starting point for assessing the potential for the designation of new WHSs that could help increase wilderness representation on the World Heritage list. We urge the World Heritage Convention to ensure that the ecological integrity and outstanding universal value of existing WHS with wilderness values are preserved.

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“…; Schwartzman et al. ). Instead, wilderness areas are free of large‐scale land conversion, dense human settlements, industrial activity, and infrastructure development (Watson et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation

Allan

Kormos²,

Jaeger

et al. 2017

Conservation Biology

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“…Fire has long been used for land management and other subsistence activities by indigenous populations, influencing soil characteristics, vegetation composition, and the dynamics of Amazonian forests since pre-Columbian times (Bush et al 2008, Schwartzman et al 2013). In the state of Roraima, located in the northernmost part of the Brazilian Amazon (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic and anthropogenic drivers of northern Amazon fires during the 2015–2016 El Niño event

Fonseca

Anderson

Arai

et al. 2017

Ecological Applications

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The strong El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event that occurred in 2015-2016 caused extreme drought in the northern Brazilian Amazon, especially in the state of Roraima, increasing fire occurrence. Here we map the extent of precipitation and fire anomalies and quantify the effects of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on fire occurrence during the 2015-2016 dry season (from December 2015 to March 2016) in the state of Roraima. To achieve these objectives we first estimated the spatial pattern of precipitation anomalies, based on long-term data from the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), and the fire anomaly, based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) active fire detections during the referred period. Then, we integrated climatic and anthropogenic drivers in a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model to quantify fire probability, assessing (1) the model accuracy during the 2015-2016 and the 2016-2017 dry seasons; (2) the relative importance of each predictor variable on the model predictive performance; and (3) the response curves, showing how each environmental variable affects the fire probability. Approximately 59% (132,900 km ) of the study area was exposed to precipitation anomalies ≤-1 standard deviation (SD) in January and ~48% (~106,800 km ) in March. About 38% (86,200 km ) of the study area experienced fire anomalies ≥1 SD in at least one month between December 2015 and March 2016. The distance to roads and the direct ENSO effect on fire occurrence were the two most influential variables on model predictive performance. Despite the improvement of governmental actions of fire prevention and firefighting in Roraima since the last intense ENSO event (1997-1998), we show that fire still gets out of control in the state during extreme drought events. Our results indicate that if no prevention actions are undertaken, future road network expansion and a climate-induced increase in water stress will amplify fire occurrence in the northern Amazon, even in its humid dense forests. As an additional outcome of our analysis, we conclude that the model and the data we used may help to guide on-the-ground fire-prevention actions and firefighting planning and therefore minimize fire-related ecosystems degradation, economic losses and carbon emissions in Roraima.

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“…Thus, the existing indigenous lands and protected areas lie across agriculture frontiers (Schwartzman et al . ). In this region, forest degradation has clearly caused regional climate change (Nobre et al .…”

Section: Three Community‐based Large‐scale Ecological Restoration Inimentioning

confidence: 97%

Community‐based native seed production for restoration in Brazil – the role of science and policy

et al. 2018

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Large-scale restoration programmes in the tropics require large volumes of high quality, genetically diverse and locally adapted seeds from a large number of species. However, scarcity of native seeds is a critical restriction to achieve restoration targets. In this paper, we analyse three successful community-based networks that supply native seeds and seedlings for Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado restoration projects. In addition, we propose directions to promote local participation, legal, technical and commercialisation issues for up-scaling the market of native seeds for restoration with high quality and social justice. We argue that effective community-based restoration arrangements should follow some principles: (i) seed production must be based on real market demand; (ii) non-governmental and governmental organisations have a key role in supporting local organisation, legal requirements and selling processes; (iii) local ecological knowledge and labour should be valued, enabling local communities to promote large-scale seed production; (iv) applied research can help develop appropriate techniques and solve technical issues. The case studies from Brazil and principles presented here can be useful for the up-scaling restoration ecology efforts in many other parts of the world and especially in tropical countries where improving rural community income is a strategy for biodiversity conservation and restoration.

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The natural and social history of the indigenous lands and protected areas corridor of the Xingu River basin

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation

Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation

Climatic and anthropogenic drivers of northern Amazon fires during the 2015–2016 El Niño event

Community‐based native seed production for restoration in Brazil – the role of science and policy

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