The NATO–EU–Turkey trilogy: the impact of the Cyprus conundrum

Препятствия На Пути Сотрудничества: Роль Двойного Консенсуса В Международных Организациях

“…Были проведены неофициальные встречи и приняты определенные меры, но тупиковая ситуация сохранялась. Присоединение Кипра в 2004 году добавило новый уровень сложности, поскольку отказ Турции признать Кипр блокировал официальные отношения ЕС-НАТО [1]. Правило двойного консенсуса, некогда служившее механизмом официального сотрудничества, стало препятствием, и партнерство оказалось втянутым в минимальное и крайне избирательное сотрудничество.…”

Shaping institutional overlap: NATO’s responses to EU security and defence initiatives since 2014

“…While the two organisations increasingly overlapped in crisis management from the 1990s onward when both moved towards a ‘collective security middle ground’ (Smith and Gebhard, 2017), they had failed to effectively harmonise their activities (Duke and Vanhoonacker, 2016; Koops 2017). The enduring antagonism between Cyprus and Turkey – the so-called participation problem – prevented meaningful cooperation between the two organisations, with Turkey vetoing information sharing or allowing Cyprus partaking in EU–NATO meetings and Cyprus consequently resorting to denying any formal EU engagement with NATO beyond the limited Berlin Plus arrangement (Acikmese and Triantaphyllou, 2012). Bureaucratic rivalries on both sides of the town and lukewarm support in many capitals, including Washington, did little to change the fortunes of the relationship.…”