The National Response to Richard M. Nixon's Black Capitalism Initiative

Weems, Robert E.; Randolph, Lewis A.

doi:10.1177/002193470103200104

Cited by 29 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The term "Black capitalism" was promulgated in the late-1960s by Richard Morehouse Nixon, and many Black scholars were highly critical of it at the time (Bluestone, 1969;Boggs, 1970;Booms & Ward, 1969;Tate, 1970). Nixon saw Black radicals as an internal threat to national sovereignty during the cold war, and so he offered Black capitalism as a means of pacifying radical Black activism (Weems & Randolph, 2001a, 2001b. Essentially, a socialist Black Power movement was rearticulated as Black capitalism (Ball, 2020;Marable, 1983).…”

Section: Black Capitalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marketing Politics and Resistance: Mobilizing Black Pain in National Football League Publicity

2021

Sociology of Sport Journal

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The 2020 North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS) Presidential Address analyzed aspects of the National Football League’s (NFL) current socially conscious marketing to make sense of corporatized racial justice politics following a summer of mass political mobilization triggered by the police killing of George Floyd. The analysis shows that the mass, multiracial racial justice activism forced corporatized sport leagues such as the NFL to respond to popular political pressure. The NFL followed the lead of the National Basketball Association and instead of resisting popular sentiments, it has incorporated social justice language into its marketing. Guided by Indigenous decolonial scholarship and radical Black scholars, I argue that the NFL’s incorporation of social justice language is a politics of recognition and colonial governmentality that insulates it from racial justice politics and helps to stabilize challenges to racial capitalism.

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Section: Black Capitalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marketing Politics and Resistance: Mobilizing Black Pain in National Football League Publicity

2021

Sociology of Sport Journal

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“…Similarly, Weems and Randolph (2001) argue that the government interest in promoting black business actually began in the 1920s well before President Richard M. Nixon’s “black Capitalism” initiative in the 1960s. In acknowledging the viability and existence of the black consumer market prior to the 1950s, the paper draws on the crucial nature of the time frame.…”

Section: Marketing Literature In the Period Under Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Negro marketing dilemma

Ibrahim

2016

JHRM

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Purpose Terminologies such as “integrated marketing” and “market segmentation” may be common parlance in contemporary marketing literature, but, in post-war America, they had distinct racial orientations mediated by a history of segregation. This paper aims to examine the resonant discourses in the construction of the Negro market in post-war America and observes that the field of marketing provides a historiography, where Negro marketing was constructed as dilemmatic and through a duality of the black market impacting the well-established white market. A survey of marketing literature from the 1950s to the 1970s reflects a discursive turn from scepticism and caution in approaching the Negro market to evoking the ethical discourse and advocating equal rights for the black consumer. Design/methodology/approach A review of articles on the topic reveals that research occurred in other academic fields beyond the remit of marketing, and these different disciplines approached the issue of the Negro market from different research orientations and fields of enquiry. This paper focuses on academic literature that was published in marketing and business journals which were concerned with marketing to the black community. The journals reviewed in this paper include Journal of Marketing Research, Marketing/Communications, The Journal of Business, The Journal of Marketing and Journal of Advertising Research published from the 1950s to the 1960s. In reviewing the marketing literature from these journals, it highlights the recurrent and resonant themes and shifts in discourse in the period mentioned. Findings Despite the scepticism, there was a recognition among market researchers that they were in a unique position to influence significantly the future relationships between blacks and whites in America (Gould et al., 1970, p. 26; Kassarjian, 1971; Hair et al., 1977; Solomon et al., 1976). The marketing discourses also showed reluctance in supporting black media, as advertising agencies did not have a preference for it. Black advertising organizations, while providing access to the Negro market, were seen as having high preparation costs and high costs per thousand in terms of reaching the population. There was also dissatisfaction expressed with the results of the copy (Alexis, 1959). Originality/value The moral turn in advertising is evident in the late 1960s and early 1970s, where marketers spoke of intervention beyond market strategies. Cohen (1970, p. 3) argued fervently that there exists an opportunity for advertising to improve its social image by giving more attention to the black community. The moral discourse of social responsibility as marketers and advertisers sought to go beyond advocating consumer rights to recognising that structural changes and attitudinal shifts was required to reform the industry through recruitment and training of black staff in creative and consultative roles. Wall (1970, p. 48), in commenting on integrated advertising, observed that beyond producing advertisements which create a sense of equality in life style and values, black employment is vitally important in creative levels in the advertising industry to improve credibility and acceptance.

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“…Even as they asserted the need for black-operated organizations, many Black Power supporters accused African American businessmen of being accessories to the dominant white power structure and of appropriating nationalistic slogans merely as a superfi cial ploy to sell their products. 49 Insurers' willingness to adopt the language of Black Power, however selectively, demonstrates how they mingled various strands of black economic thought to craft pragmatic solutions to their industry's rapid deterioration. Th us, when Jesse Hill Jr. launched an industry-wide campaign for affi rmative action, he positioned the move not as an appeal to black nationalism but as part of the movement to assimilate African Americans into the larger economy: "We must seek a blend of special government and private sector support for minority firms, with a strategy to encourage the integration of black businesses into the nation's total small business community. "…”

Section: S Egregating the G Roup M Arketmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Going Behind with that Fifteen Cent Policy”: Black-Owned Insurance Companies and the State

Chapin

2012

J. Policy Hist.

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The National Response to Richard M. Nixon's Black Capitalism Initiative

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Marketing Politics and Resistance: Mobilizing Black Pain in National Football League Publicity

Marketing Politics and Resistance: Mobilizing Black Pain in National Football League Publicity

The Negro marketing dilemma

“Going Behind with that Fifteen Cent Policy”: Black-Owned Insurance Companies and the State

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