The Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Secondary School Students in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Abstract

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal bacterium of the human body and a potential pathogen, causing public health hazards. Due to various virulent factors and growing antibiotic resistance, bacteria could cause various infections, ranging from minor skin infections to life-threating sepsis. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence rate of S. aureus and determine its antimicrobial sensitivity profile in the secondary school students in Duhok City, Iraq. Methods: Samples were collected from the anterior nares of 492 volunteers aged more than 16 years in different cities, including Akre, Amedye, Bardarash, and Duhok. Conventional laboratory tests were performed for the identification of the bacterial isolates. In addition, the antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Out of 492 subjects, 185 cases (37.6%) were carriers of S. aureus, including 57/185 (30.8%) males. The oxacillin resistance rate was estimated at 41.08%, while the resistance rate against tetracycline, fusidic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, vancomycin, clindamycin and rifampicin was 27.02%, 19.46%, 9.19%, 8.65%, 7.56%, 3.78%, and 1.08%, respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin. Conclusions: According to the results, the prevalence rate of S. aureus was high, and the species were more common in females. Therefore, further investigations are required to monitor the S. aureus antimicrobial profile and implement proper plans to manage the associated issues.

The Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Klebsiella pneumonia Isolated from the Clinical Specimens in Duhok City in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

“…This cross-sectional study was conducted at a private clinical health center in Duhok City during January 2017-February 2019 on 130 isolates that were obtained from various clinical specimens, including 86 urine specimens, 16 blood specimens, nine sputum specimens, 13 wound swabs, three central venous (CV) lines, and three oral swabs. The patients were within the age range of 10 -65 years from both genders (31 males and 99 females).…”

“…Previous studies in Duhok City, Iraq have denoted the alarming rates of antibiotic resistance to several bacteria (12)(13)(14)(15). While the continuous monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity patterns is essential to the treatment of various infections, the current data is scarce on K. pneumoniae in Duhok City.…”

Staphylococcus aureus Among Athletes In Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: Nasal Carriage Rate, Risk Factors, and Antibiotic Sensitivity Profile

“…Numerous studies in our area have found high rates of S. aureus among general population (Rasheed and Hussein, 2020e), healthcare worker (Hussein et al, 2019) and students (Rasheed and Hussein, 2020c). In the present study, however, we assessed the prevalence rate of S. aureus and risk factors among athletes in Zakho city, Iraq.…”

“…Different classes of antibiotics were used (Bioanalyse, Turkey), and the Mueller Hinton Agar (Neogen, UK) was used for this test. The antibiotics used in this study were Oxacillin (5 ug/ml), Tetracycline (10 ug/ml), Vancomycin (30 ug/ml), Gentamicin (10 ug/ml), Clindamycin (10 ug/ml), Rifampin (5 ug/ml), Fusidic acid (30 ug/ml) and Ciprofloxacin (5 ug/ml) (Rasheed and Hussein, 2020c). The antibiotic sensitivity profile was achieved according to the Clinical according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the results were also interpreted accordingly.…”

“…Moreover, usage of equipment that causes skin abrasion, and poor sanitation are also risk factors for S. aureus infection in sports (Grosset-Janin et al, 2012). Several antibiotics have been developed resistance to S. aureus in our region (Rasheed and Hussein, 2020a, Naqid et al, 2020b, Naqid et al, 2020a and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have also reported among hospitalized patients (Abdulkareem et al, 2020, Hussein et al, 2017, and the community (Hussein et al, 2019, Rasheed andHussein, 2020d). The prevalence of community-associated MRSA among athletes is higher particularly those people participate in direct contact sports (Rice et al, 2008), even three times greater when compared to the general community (Graham et al, 2006).…”