This paper analyses the fate of social democratic sensibility in thinking about crime and criminal justice that prevailed for most of the 20th century, until a profound rupture in culture, political economy, crime and criminal justice. The paper proposes an ideal-type of social democratic criminology, and contrasts it with the law-and-order perspective that displaced it after the 1970s. The sources and consequences of this seismic shift are analysed and evaluated. Finally, following the fracturing of the last forty years' neoliberal hegemony in the wake of the 2008 financial crash, it considers the prospects of a revival of the social democratic perspective in criminological thinking.Keywords critical criminology, neoliberalism, political economy of crime, radical criminology, social democratic criminology
Prologue: Two Quotes in Search of an AnalysisWe are not letting the public in on our era's dirty little secret; that those who commit the crime which worries citizens most-violent street crime-are, for the most part, the products of poverty, unemployment, broken homes, rotten education, drug addiction and alcoholism, and other social and economic ills about which the police can do little, if anything. Rather than speaking up, most of us stand silent and let politicians get away with law and order rhetoric that reinforces the mistaken notion that the police-in ever greater numbers and with ever more gadgetry-can alone control crime. (Di Grazia, 1976) Crime is down: blame the police. (Bratton, 1998) This paper analyses the profound rupture in culture, political economy, crime and criminal justice that is highlighted by these contrasting quotes. It will probe the fate of social democratic sensibility