The Naming of Primary Colors by Children

Anyan, Walter R.; Quillian, Warren W.

doi:10.2307/1127934

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…These kinds of differences (which are in opposition to a model of shared, pan-gender visual processing mechanisms) went unnoticed or were attributed to possible gender differences in socialization (e.g., Anyan & Quillian, 1971). Gender differences were not a focus of study for much of the work on the cognition and categorization of color (see Hardin & Maffi, 1997, for a review), quite simply because, heretofore, gender differences were not suspected as a differentiating factor in color perception.…”

Section: The Biological Basis Of Trichromacymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In 5-to 6-year-old children, the ability to identify primary colors by name is significantlygreater in girls than in boys (although no significant difference is found in the same subjects for drawing geometric designs). The explanation offered is that "various constitutional and environmental factors undoubtedly influence the acquisition of color-naming ability by children," and "verbal skill and interest in colors may vary between boys and girls" (Anyan & Quillian, 1971, p. 1631. In adults, a number of studies suggest that color lexicons differ in fundamental ways across gender (Lakoff, 1975;Nowaczyk, 1982;Rich, 1977;Swaringen, Layman, & Wilson, 1978;Thomas, Curtis, & Bolton, 1978).…”

Section: The Biological Basis Of Trichromacymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Jameson

Highnote

Wasserman

2001

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

143

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Traditional color vision theory posits that three types of retinal photopigments transduce light into a trivariate neural color code, thereby explaining color-matching behaviors. This principle of trichromacy is in need of reexamination in view of molecular genetics results suggesting that a substantial percentage of women possess more than three classes of retinal photopigments. At issue is the question of whether four-photopigment retinas necessarily yield trichromatic color perception. In the present paper, we review results and theory underlying the accepted photoreceptor-based model of trichromacy. A review of the psychological literature shows that gender-linked differences in color perception warrant further investigation of retinal photopigment classes and color perception relations. We use genetic analyses to examine an important position in the gene sequence, and we empirically assess and compare the color perception of individuals possessing more than three retinal photopigment genes with those possessing fewer retinal photopigment genes. Women with four-photopigment genotypes are found to perceive significantly more chromatic appearances in comparison with either male or female trichromat controls. We provide a rationale for this previously undetected finding and discuss implications for theories of color perception and gender differences in color behavior.

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Section: The Biological Basis Of Trichromacymentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: The Biological Basis Of Trichromacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Jameson

Highnote

Wasserman

2001

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

143

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“…In psycholinguistic tasks, which evoke responses to an array of colour stimuli, already in early childhood (2.5-6 years of age) girls identify primary colours by name better than boys do (Anyan and Quillian, 1971;Johnson, 1977). In adulthood, women have been found to be more accurate, compared to men, in ascribing colour names to colour samples (Greene and Gynther, 1995;Nowaczyk, 1982;Swaringen, Layman and Wilson, 1978); more consistent in their choice of a colour sample matching a given colour name (Chapanis, 1965); and reveal a greater colour-naming consensus (Moore, Romney and Hsia, 2002;Sayim, Jameson, Alvarado and Szeszel, 2005).…”

Section: Introduction: Gender Differences In Colour Vocabulary Coloumentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in colour naming

2014

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Gender differences in colour naming were explored using a web-based experiment in English. Each participant named 20 colours selected from 600Munsell samples, presented one at a time against a neutral background.Colour names and typing onset response times were registered. For the eleven basic colour terms, elicitation frequency was comparable for both genders. Females demonstrated though more elaborated colour vocabulary, with more descriptors in general and more non-basic monolexemic terms; they also named colours faster than males. The two genders differ in the repertoire of frequent colour terms: a Bayesian synthetic observer revealed that women segment colour space linguistically more densely in the "warm" area whereas men do so in the 'cool' area. Current "nurture" and "nature" explanations of why females excel in colour naming behaviour are considered.

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“…It may simply be that, as a result of divergent patterns of socialization for males and females, a greater verbal skill and interest in colours is instilled in women (Anyan & Quillian, 1971). Intriguingly, however, an underlying physiological explanation is possible for why there should be sexlinked differences in colour vision: sexual dimorphisms in the genes that encode the Xlinked cone photopigments that manifest as different frequencies of expression in men and women (see, for instance, Pardo et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-related differences in chromatic sensitivity

et al. 2008

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This is the unspecified version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link AbstractGenerally women are believed to be more discriminating than men in the use of colour names and this is often taken to imply superior colour vision. However, if both Xchromosome linked colour deficient males (~8%) and females (<1%) as well as heterozygote female carriers (~15%) are excluded from comparisons, then differences between men and women in red-green colour discrimination have been reported as not being significant (e.g., Pickford, 1944;Hood et al., 2006). We re-examined this question by assessing the performance of 150 males and 150 females on the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD)test (Rodriguez-Carmona, 2005). This is a sensitive test that yields small colour detection thresholds. The test employs direction-specific, moving, chromatic stimuli embedded in a background of random, dynamic, luminance contrast noise. A four-alternative, forced-choice

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The Naming of Primary Colors by Children

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Gender differences in colour naming

Sex-related differences in chromatic sensitivity

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