The N170 event-related potential differentiates congruent and incongruent gaze responses in gaze leading

Stephenson, Lisa; Edwards, S. Gareth; Luri, Natacha M; Renoult, Louis; Bayliss, Andrew P.

doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa054

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In another study, Latinus et al (2014) used different tasks but the same stimuli—the same participants performed a social task (observing gaze shifts either away or toward the participants) and a nonsocial task (observing left/right gaze shifts)—and found that a greater N170 for gaze aversion was elicited in the right hemisphere for the nonsocial task but not the social task. Stephenson, Edwards, Luri, Renoult, and Bayliss (2020) also investigated the impact of shared-attention context as a modulator of the N170. They found that both when the task was gaze-related and gaze-unrelated, participants showed an enhanced N170 to the onset of averted gaze when the gaze stimulus followed the participant’s antecedent saccade to a peripheral location compared with when the observed gaze direction did not establish shared attention.…”

Section: Early Event-related Potentials: the N170 Edan And N2pcmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Gaze Perception to Social Cognition: The Shared-Attention System

Stephenson

Edwards

Bayliss

2021

Perspect Psychol Sci

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When two people look at the same object in the environment and are aware of each other’s attentional state, they find themselves in a shared-attention episode. This can occur through intentional or incidental signaling and, in either case, causes an exchange of information between the two parties about the environment and each other’s mental states. In this article, we give an overview of what is known about the building blocks of shared attention (gaze perception and joint attention) and focus on bringing to bear new findings on the initiation of shared attention that complement knowledge about gaze following and incorporate new insights from research into the sense of agency. We also present a neurocognitive model, incorporating first-, second-, and third-order social cognitive processes (the shared-attention system, or SAS), building on previous models and approaches. The SAS model aims to encompass perceptual, cognitive, and affective processes that contribute to and follow on from the establishment of shared attention. These processes include fundamental components of social cognition such as reward, affective evaluation, agency, empathy, and theory of mind.

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Section: Early Event-related Potentials: the N170 Edan And N2pcmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Gaze Perception to Social Cognition: The Shared-Attention System

Stephenson

Edwards

Bayliss

2021

Perspect Psychol Sci

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“…More recent work points to the importance of the N170 in the establishment of shared attention. Indeed, Stephenson et al (2020) found an enhanced N170 when changes in eye gaze of a stimulus face were in the same direction as the participant, indicating the establishment of shared attention. In both these studies, N170 responses were measured in response to gaze shifts, highlighting that an N170 can be elicited not only by eyes alone, but by a change in the relative contrast between sclera and iris.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contrast reversal of the iris and sclera increases the face sensitive N170

Jantzen

McNamara

Harris

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Previous research has demonstrated that reversing the contrast of the eye region, which includes the eyebrows, affects the N170 ERP. To selectively assess the impact of just the eyes, the present study evaluated the N170 in response to reversing contrast polarity of just the iris and sclera in upright and inverted face stimuli. Contrast reversal of the eyes increased the amplitude of the N170 for upright faces, but not for inverted faces, suggesting that the contrast of eyes is an important contributor to the N170 ERP.

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“…Both the N170 and P300 show reliable top-down modulation in response to social context. N170 amplitude is influenced by contexts including facial feature (eye vs. mouth movement) [ 36 ], facial realism (real vs. photographed) [ 37 ], sequence of stimulus presentation (faces preceded by non-face vs. face stimuli) [ 38 ], and presumed intentionality (imagined to be evaluating the viewer vs. someone else) [ 19 , 39 ]. Similar modulations occur at the P300, which is larger to shifts of gaze when participants believe that computer-generated faces are controlled by a real person [ 20 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictability modulates neural response to eye contact in ASD

et al. 2022

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Background Deficits in establishing and maintaining eye-contact are early and persistent vulnerabilities of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the neural bases of these deficits remain elusive. A promising hypothesis is that social features of autism may reflect difficulties in making predictions about the social world under conditions of uncertainty. However, no research in ASD has examined how predictability impacts the neural processing of eye-contact in naturalistic interpersonal interactions. Method We used eye tracking to facilitate an interactive social simulation wherein onscreen faces would establish eye-contact when the participant looked at them. In Experiment One, receipt of eye-contact was unpredictable; in Experiment Two, receipt of eye-contact was predictable. Neural response to eye-contact was measured via the N170 and P300 event-related potentials (ERPs). Experiment One included 23 ASD and 46 typically developing (TD) adult participants. Experiment Two included 25 ASD and 43 TD adult participants. Results When receipt of eye-contact was unpredictable, individuals with ASD showed increased N170 and increased, but non-specific, P300 responses. The magnitude of the N170 responses correlated with measures of sensory and anxiety symptomology, such that increased response to eye-contact was associated with increased symptomology. However, when receipt of eye-contact was predictable, individuals with ASD, relative to controls, exhibited slower N170s and no differences in the amplitude of N170 or P300. Limitations Our ASD sample was composed of adults with IQ > 70 and included only four autistic women. Thus, further research is needed to evaluate how these results generalize across the spectrum of age, sex, and cognitive ability. Additionally, as analyses were exploratory, some findings failed to survive false-discovery rate adjustment. Conclusions Neural response to eye-contact in ASD ranged from attenuated to hypersensitive depending on the predictability of the social context. These findings suggest that the vulnerabilities in eye-contact during social interactions in ASD may arise from differences in anticipation and expectation of eye-contact in addition to the perception of gaze alone.

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The N170 event-related potential differentiates congruent and incongruent gaze responses in gaze leading

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

From Gaze Perception to Social Cognition: The Shared-Attention System

From Gaze Perception to Social Cognition: The Shared-Attention System

Contrast reversal of the iris and sclera increases the face sensitive N170

Predictability modulates neural response to eye contact in ASD

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