The N Terminus of Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu Elicits Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis Plants

Kunze, Gernot; Zipfel, Cyril; Robatzek, Silke; Niehaus, Karsten; Boller, Thomas; Felix, Georg

doi:10.1105/tpc.104.026765

Cited by 775 publications

(689 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Tissues expressing E-oJM/F were as responsive to elf18 as tissues expressing EFR. Similar to the high sensitivity of A. thaliana cells in alkalinization tests (21), leaf tissues of N. benthamiana expressing EFR or E-oJM/F show a very high sensitivity and respond to elf18 at concentrations as low as 10 pM with induction of an oxidative burst (Fig. 4C).…”

Section: N-and C-terminal Truncations Of Efr-as a First Step Inmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Transient Expression Of Tagged Versions Of Efr and Efr Lackimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A radiolabeled derivative of elf26 was used to demonstrate specific, high affinity binding sites in tissues expressing EFR. In affinity cross-linking experiments this radioligand specifically labeled the EFR protein, providing evidence that EFR is the bona fide receptor and interacts directly with the elf ligand (14,21).EFR is a RLK with 21 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) arranged in tandem in its ectodomain. Here, we studied the function of this ectodomain as the presumptive high affinity binding site for the ligand peptide elf18.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The receptor kinase EFR from A. thaliana responds to bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) with the induction of defense and increased resistance (14,21). Mutant plants lacking this perception system show increased susceptibility to infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis thaliana Pattern Recognition Receptors for Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu and Flagellin Can Be Combined to Form Functional Chimeric Receptors

Albert

Jehle

Mueller

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The receptor kinase EFR of Arabidopsis thaliana detects the microbe-associated molecular pattern elf18, a peptide that represents the N terminus of bacterial elongation factor Tu. Here, we tested subdomains of EFR for their importance in receptor function. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) 2 form the biggest family of surface receptors in higher plants. Based on genomic sequence information, more than 600 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and more than 1,000 genes in rice are predicted to encode RLKs (1, 2). RLKs have a common molecular structure consisting of a C-terminal cytoplasmic Ser/Thr protein kinase domain connected by a single-pass transmembrane motif to different types of N-terminal ectodomains facing extracytoplasmic compartments. Members of the RLK family play fundamental roles for cellular response programs regulating cell growth, morphogenesis, fertilization, abscission, plant defense, and interaction with symbionts (3-7). Nevertheless, the attribute "receptor-like" holds for most of the RLKs that still remain orphan with respect to their biological functions and their potential regulatory ligands. Concerning functional aspects of ligand interaction and transmembrane activation, the receptor kinase BRI1, functioning as the receptor for the growth hormone brassinolide, has been most thoroughly studied (8 -10). Thereby, the ligand interaction site could be localized to a small subdomain within the ectodomain of BRI1 (11), and activation was found to involve a ligand-dependent complex formation with a second receptor kinase termed BAK1 for BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (9, 10). Transient expression of tagged versions of EFR and EFR lacking its cytoplasmic domain in leaves ofSeveral RLKs have been assigned roles in recognition of pathogen attack. Examples for RLKs that function as pattern recognition receptors for identified ligands include XA21 from rice (12), FLS2 (13), EFR (14), and CERK1 (15) detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), and AtPEPR1 (16) detecting wound-related, endogenous danger signals. Upon activation with their respective ligands, FLS2, EFR, and AtPEPR1 seem to form heteromeric complexes with the co-receptor BAK1. Thus, intriguingly, BAK1 appears to function in the transmembrane signaling of plant RLKs with very different signal output programs (17)(18)(19)(20).The receptor kinase EFR from A. thaliana responds to bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) with the induction of defense and increased resistance (14, 21). Mutant plants lacking this perception system show increased susceptibility to infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The epitope that acts as MAMP was identified as the acetylated N terminus of EF-Tu. Synthetic peptides like elf18 and elf26 which represent the N terminus of EF-Tu with at least 18 amino acids are fully active as MAMPs and stimulate responses at subnanomolar concentrations. A radiolabeled derivative of elf26 was used to demonstrate specific, high affinity binding sites in tissues expressing EFR. In affinity cross-linking experiments this radioli...

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Section: N-and C-terminal Truncations Of Efr-as a First Step Inmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Transient Expression Of Tagged Versions Of Efr and Efr Lackimentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Arabidopsis thaliana Pattern Recognition Receptors for Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu and Flagellin Can Be Combined to Form Functional Chimeric Receptors

Albert

Jehle

Mueller

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…Yet, P. patens is flg22-insensitive [70]. Likewise, the receptor for the bacterial translation elongation factor Tu (Ef-Tu), EFR [71,72], seems to be missing outside of the Brassicaceae [68,71] and Ef-Tu does not induce a PTI-like response in P. patens [70]. However, the moss does recognize bacteria and mounts a defense response accordingly [73].…”

Section: Pti and Eti In Non-flowering Land Plants And Maybe Streptophmentioning

confidence: 99%

On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution

Vries

Dahlen

Gould

et al. 2018

Communicative & Integrative Biology

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All land plants must cope with phytopathogens. Algae face pathogens, too, and it is reasonable to assume that some of the strategies for dealing with pathogens evolved prior to the origin of embryophytes – plant terrestrialization simply changed the nature of the plant-pathogen interactions. Here we highlight that many potential components of the angiosperm defense toolkit are i) found in streptophyte algae and non-flowering embryophytes and ii) might be used in non-flowering plant defense as inferred from published experimental data. Nonetheless, the common signaling networks governing these defense responses appear to have become more intricate during embryophyte evolution. This includes the evolution of the antagonistic signaling pathways of jasmonic and salicylic acid, multiple independent expansions of resistance genes, and the evolution of resistance gene-regulating microRNAs. Future comparative studies will illuminate which modules of the streptophyte defense signaling network constitute the core and which constitute lineage- and/or environment-specific (peripheral) signaling circuits.

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A mutation in Asparagine‐Linked Glycosylation 12 (ALG12) leads to receptor misglycosylation and attenuated responses to multiple microbial elicitors

et al. 2020

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Changes in cellular calcium levels are one of the earliest signalling events in plants exposed to pathogens or other exogenous factors. In a genetic screen, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana 'changed calcium elevation 1' (cce1) mutant with attenuated calcium response to the bacterial flagellin flg22 peptide and several other elicitors. Whole-genome resequencing revealed a mutation in asparagine-linked glycosylation 12 that encodes the mannosyltransferase responsible for adding the eighth mannose residue in an a-1,6 linkage to the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide N-glycosylation glycan tree precursors. While properly targeted to the plasma membrane, misglycosylation of several receptors in the cce1 background suggests that N-glycosylation is required for proper functioning of client proteins.

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The N Terminus of Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu Elicits Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis Plants

Cited by 775 publications

References 40 publications

Arabidopsis thaliana Pattern Recognition Receptors for Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu and Flagellin Can Be Combined to Form Functional Chimeric Receptors

Arabidopsis thaliana Pattern Recognition Receptors for Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu and Flagellin Can Be Combined to Form Functional Chimeric Receptors

On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution

A mutation in Asparagine‐Linked Glycosylation 12 (ALG12) leads to receptor misglycosylation and attenuated responses to multiple microbial elicitors

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