“…ERa, RARa and CRABPII genes are coexpressed in human breast cells (Figure 1), suggesting that their expression, two of which are transcription factors, is coordinately regulated. It has been reported that ERa transcriptionally upregulates RARa expression (Roman et al, 1993;van der Leede et al, 1995;Rousseau et al, 2003) and RARa transcriptionally upregulates CRAB-PII expression (Astrom et al, 1992), suggesting a simplest hypothesis that ERa to RARa to CRABPII cascade exists. However, recent reports demonstrated that, in rat uterine cells, estradiol directly upregulates, but ATRA does not, CRABPII transcription (Bucco et al, 1997;Li and Ong, 2003), raising the prospect that ERa may independently regulate RARa and CRABPII expression.…”