THE [N ii] 205 μm EMISSION IN LOCAL LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES*

Zhao, Yi; Lu, N.; Xu, C. K.; Gao, Yu; Lord, S. D.; Charmandaris, V.; Díaz-Santos, T.; Evans, A. S.; Howell, Justin; Petric, Andreea; Werf, P. P. van der; Sanders, D. B.

doi:10.3847/0004-637x/819/1/69

Cited by 47 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Herrera-Camus et al 2016) and LIRGs (e.g. Zhao et al 2016a;Díaz-Santos et al 2017) most n e values range between between 10 and 100 cm −3 , too. For most local ULIRGs, although higher SFR densities are expected, they lie in the same region as spiral galaxies with the maximum, n e ∼ 120 cm −3 found in UGC 05101 (Spinoglio et al 2015) via [N II] lines.…”

Section: [N Ii] Linesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…ISO and Herschel) could detect the line in the Milky Way and some local galaxies (e.g. Wright et al 1991;Goldsmith et al 2015;Zhao et al 2016a;Herrera-Camus et al 2016;Croxall et al 2017). The [N II] lines, especially the [N II] 205-µm line, are found to be usually 10-50× weaker than the [C II] 158-µm line, making it difficult to detect from redshifted galaxies.…”

Section: [N Ii] Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atomic fine-structure forbidden transitions in the FIR, such as [C II] 158-µm, [N II] 122-µm, [O I] 88-µm are important coolants of the ISM, providing critical diagnostics of physical conditions across all redshifts (e.g. Stacey et al 1991;Lord et al 1996;Herrera-Camus et al 2016;Zhao et al 2016a;Wardlow et al 2017;Herrera-Camus et al 2018a,b). Among these lines, [C II] 158-µm is probably the most important, and the best studied, since it is the brightest FIR line in most galaxies and often accounts for 0.1-1 per cent of the total FIR luminosity (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionized gas

Zhang

Ivison

George

et al. 2018

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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The most intensively star-forming galaxies are extremely luminous at far-infrared (FIR) wavelengths, highly obscured at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, and lie at z ≥ 1-3. We present a programme of Herschel FIR spectroscopic observations with the SPIRE FTS and photometric observations with PACS, both on board Herschel, towards a sample of 45 gravitationally lensed, dusty starbursts across z ∼ 1-3.6. In total, we detected 27 individual lines down to 3-σ, including nine [C II] 158-µm lines with confirmed spectroscopic redshifts, five possible [C II] lines consistent with their far-infrared photometric redshifts, and in some individual sources a few [O III] 88-µm, [O III] 52-µm, [O I] 145-µm, [O I] 63-µm, [N II] 122-µm, and OH 119-µm (in absorption) lines. To derive the typical physical properties of the gas in the sample, we stack all spectra weighted by their intrinsic luminosity and by their 500-µm flux densities, with the spectra scaled to a common redshift. In the stacked spectra, we detect emission lines of [C II] 158-µm, [N II] 122-µm, [O III] 88-µm, [O III] 52-µm, [O I] 63-µm, and the absorption doublet of OH at 119-µm, at high fidelity. We find that the average electron densities traced by the [N II] and [O III] lines are higher than the average values in local star-forming galaxies and ULIRGs, using the same tracers. From the [N II]/[C II] and [O I]/[C II] ratios, we find that the [C II] emission is likely dominated by the photo-dominated regions (PDR), instead of by ionised gas or large-scale shocks.

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Section: [N Ii] Linesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: [N Ii] Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionized gas

Zhang

Ivison

George

et al. 2018

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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“…We assembled a sample of L [C II] /L [N II] in local LIRGs from Díaz-Santos et al (2017), Lu et al (2017), and Zhao et al (2016). To investigate whether the SPT SMG sample and the local LIRGs arise from different underlying distributions of L [C II] /L [N II] , we perform a two-sample KS test and T-test.…”

Section: Lower Limits ([N Ii] Nondetections) As Ordinary Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The [C ii]/[N ii] ratio in 3 < z < 6 sub-millimetre galaxies from the South Pole Telescope survey

Cunningham

Chapman

Aravena

et al. 2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We present Atacama Compact Array and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment observations of the [N II] 205 µm fine-structure line in 40 sub-millimetre galaxies lying at redshifts z = 3 to 6, drawn from the 2500 deg 2 South Pole Telescope survey. This represents the largest uniformly selected sample of high-redshift [N II] 205 µm measurements to date. 29 sources also have [C II] 158 µm line observations allowing a characterization of the distribution of the [C II] to [N II] luminosity ratio for the first time at high-redshift. The sample exhibits a median L [C II] /L [N II] ≈ 9.4 and interquartile range of 4.2 to 23.7. These ratios are similar to those observed in local (U)LIRGs, possibly indicating similarities in their interstellar medium. At the extremes, we find individual sub-millimetre galaxies with L [C II] /L [N II] low enough to suggest a large contribution from ionized gas to the [C II] flux and high enough to suggest strongly photon or X-ray region dominated flux. These results highlight a large range in this line luminosity ratio for sub-millimetre galaxies, which may be caused by variations in gas density, ionization parameter, metallicity, and a variation in the fractional abundance of ionized and neutral interstellar medium.

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“…In addition, Herschel SPIRE FTS spectroscopy were obtained to probe the CO spectral line energy distribution from =  J 4 3 up to =  J 13 12 for 93 of the GOALS objects (Lu et al 2014(Lu et al , 2015N. Lu et al 2017, in preparation), as well as the [N II] 205 μmemission line for 122 objects Zhao et al (2013Zhao et al ( , 2016.…”

Section: The Goals Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey: Herschel Image Atlas and Aperture Photometry^*

Chu

Sanders

Larson

et al. 2017

ApJS

Self Cite

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Far-infrared images and photometry are presented for 201 Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies [LIRGs:11.00 11.9912.00 12.99 IR ], in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS), based on observations with the Herschel Space Observatory Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) and the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) instruments. The image atlas displays each GOALS target in the three PACS bands (70, 100, and 160 μm) and the three SPIRE bands (250, 350, and 500 μm), optimized to reveal structures at both high and low surface brightness levels, with images scaled to simplify comparison of structures in the same physical areas of ∼100×100 kpc 2 . Flux densities of companion galaxies in merging systems are provided where possible, depending on their angular separation and the spatial resolution in each passband, along with integrated system fluxes (sum of components). This data set constitutes the imaging and photometric component of the GOALS Herschel OT1 observing program, and is complementary to atlases presented for the Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, and Chandra X-ray Observatory. Collectively, these data will enable a wide range of detailed studies of active galactic nucleus and starburst activity within the most luminous infrared galaxies in the local universe.

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THE [N ii] 205 μm EMISSION IN LOCAL LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES*

Abstract: In this paper, we present the measurements of the [N II] 205 μm line for a flux-limited sample of 122 (ultra-) luminous infrared galaxies [(U)LIRGs] and 20 additional normal galaxies, obtained with the Herschel Space Observatory (Herschel). We explore the far-infrared (FIR)

Cited by 47 publications

References 91 publications

Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionized gas

Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionized gas

The [C ii]/[N ii] ratio in 3 < z < 6 sub-millimetre galaxies from the South Pole Telescope survey

The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey: Herschel Image Atlas and Aperture Photometry^*

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THE [N ii] 205 μm EMISSION IN LOCAL LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES*

Abstract: In this paper, we present the measurements of the [N II] 205 μm line for a flux-limited sample of 122 (ultra-) luminous infrared galaxies [(U)LIRGs] and 20 additional normal galaxies, obtained with the Herschel Space Observatory (Herschel). We explore the far-infrared (FIR)

Cited by 47 publications

References 91 publications

Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionized gas

Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionized gas

The [C ii]/[N ii] ratio in 3 &lt; z &lt; 6 sub-millimetre galaxies from the South Pole Telescope survey

The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey: Herschel Image Atlas and Aperture Photometry*

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Product

Resources

About

The [C ii]/[N ii] ratio in 3 < z < 6 sub-millimetre galaxies from the South Pole Telescope survey

The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey: Herschel Image Atlas and Aperture Photometry^*