The myth of livelihoods through urban mining: The case of e-waste pickers in Cape Town

Abstract

Waste pickers are widely acknowledged as an integral part of the formal and informal economy, diverting waste into the secondary resource economy through urban mining. Urban mining in itself is considered to be a source of livelihoods. We investigated the livelihoods of e-waste pickers through 110 surveys in Cape Town, South Africa. Waste pickers often indicated that they were engaged in the sector not by choice but by necessity, expressing that earning money is the only enjoyable aspect of their job. The results from the study substantiate that it is unlikely that waste pickers could survive on e-waste picking alone as 83.3% of reported incomes were below minimum wage, with 22.9% below the food poverty line. Thus, the majority of waste pickers collected a wide array of recyclables. We also found that the waste pickers in Cape Town engage in multiple e-waste related activities, including collection, dismantling and processing to a lesser extent. They work long hours in arduous working conditions which present multiple hazards for their health and safety. Ultimately, e-waste pickers’ incomes cannot be considered commensurate with the nature of the work. Further, e-waste picking cannot be regarded to significantly contribute to livelihoods, but is rather a survivalist strategy. The survivalist nature of the work does not allow for waste pickers to move upwards in the waste value chain and benefit from greater income opportunities. Furthermore, their lack of skills prohibits waste pickers’ transition to formal employment. With a lack of options, it is necessary to ensure that the waste sector provides opportunities for decent work to enable workers to lift themselves out of poverty.

Becoming an entrepreneur in the cooperation and poverty contexts

“…Waste pickers are placed in poverty, and in economic and social disadvantage contexts (Coletto and Bisschop, 2017; Pendall et al , 2016). Overall, these individuals do not have professional qualification, a fact that hinders their transition to formal jobs (Chitaka et al , 2022). They become members of waste picker cooperatives as economic alternative to poverty, as their income per capita tends to be lower than that of all industries and occupations in both the formal and informal sectors (Kimmitt et al , 2020; Korosteleva and Stępień-Baig, 2020; Morris et al , 2020; Sasaki et al , 2022; Sutter et al , 2019).…”

“…They become members of waste picker cooperatives as economic alternative to poverty, as their income per capita tends to be lower than that of all industries and occupations in both the formal and informal sectors (Kimmitt et al , 2020; Korosteleva and Stępień-Baig, 2020; Morris et al , 2020; Sasaki et al , 2022; Sutter et al , 2019). Therefore, overall, they join this sector out of necessity, and it indicates that subsistence is the only positive point of it (Chitaka et al , 2022).…”