The Mutual Interaction Between Sleep and Epilepsy on the Neurobiological Basis and Therapy

Abstract

Background:Sleep and epilepsy are mutually related in a complex, bidirectional manner. However, our under-standing of this relationship remains unclear.Results:The literatures of the neurobiological basis of the interactions between sleep and epilepsy indicate that non rapid eye movement sleep and idiopathic generalized epilepsy share the same thalamocortical networks. Most of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as adenosine, melatonin, prostaglandin D2, serotonin, and histamine are found to regulate the sleep-wake behavior and also considered to have antiepilepsy effects; antiepileptic drugs, in turn, also have effects on sleep. Fur-thermore, many drugs that regulate the sleep-wake cycle can also serve as potential antiseizure agents. The nonpharmacologi-cal management of epilepsy including ketogenic diet, epilepsy surgery, neurostimulation can also influence sleep.Conclusion:In this paper, we address the issues involved in these phenomena and also discuss the various therapies used to modify them.

Is Covid-19 lockdown related to an increase of accesses for seizures in the emergency department? An observational analysis of a paediatric cohort in the Southern Italy

“…It is known, in fact, that overuse of digital media and screens may place children or teenager at risk of obesity, sleep problems, gaming disorder, cyberbullying and risky behaviours (substance abuse, sexual behaviours). In literature the effects of sleep on epileptic seizures are described extensively [35][36][37][38][39]; on the contrary, studies regarding the effects of MMDs on seizures are poor. Probably, seizures might be a possible risk, but future studies are desirable to correlate MMD use with seizures and to understand any pathophysiological mechanisms of them.…”

Evaluation of Sleep Structure in Patients with Epilepsy

“…Uyku-uyanıklık döngüsünü etkileyen birçok ilaç, potansiyel olarak nöbet önleyici ajanlar olarak davranabilirler. [21] Örnek olarak karbamazepin, uyku sonrası uyanıklık süresi ve arousal sayısını azaltarak ve aynı zamanda da derin NREM uykusunu arttırarak uykuyu konsolide ediyor gibi görünmektedir. [14] Valproatın genel olarak uykuyu stabilize edici etkisi olmakla birlikte bazı hastalarda arousal sayısını arttırdığı bildirilmiştir.…”

The relationship of sleep mechanisms and epileptogenesis

“…526]. Сон представляет собой стадию функционирования сознания, когда оно обратимо отключается от окружающей среды, что подразумевает отсутствие чувствительного восприятия и невосприимчивость спящего человека к окружающим стимулам [17]. Сон у человека может быть разделен на фазу быстрых движений глаз (REM) и медленный сон (NREM), в котором, в свою очередь, вычленяют три стадии -N1, N2 и N3 [18].…”