The Multiply Motivated Self

Sedikides, Constantine; Strube, Michael

doi:10.1177/01461672952112010

Cited by 205 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…86, No. 1, 77-94 0022-3514/04/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037 77 (e.g., Sedikides & Strube, 1995). For example, Trope's (1986) self-assessment model of achievement behavior posits that uncertainty about one's abilities in an achievement domain should be associated with a bias in favor of achievement tasks that are high rather than low in their diagnostic value.…”

Section: Journal Of Personality and Social Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It refers to people's desire for accurate self-evaluations and, accordingly, for objective, diagnostic information about the self. The driving force behind this motive is a desire to reduce uncertainty about the self (e.g., Sedikides & Strube, 1995). For example, Trope's (1986) self-assessment model of achievement behavior posits that uncertainty about one's abilities in an achievement domain should be associated with a bias in favor of achievement tasks that are high rather than low in their diagnostic value.…”

Section: Self and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Self-Verification Motives at the Collective Level of Self-Definition.

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Shaw³

2004

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

120

114

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Three studies examined self-verification motives in relation to collective aspects of the self. Several moderators of collective self-verification were also examined-namely, the certainty with which collective self-views are held, the nature of one's ties to a source of self-verification, the salience of the collective self, and the importance of group identification. Evidence for collective self-verification emerged across all studies, particularly when collective self-views were held with high certainty (Studies 1 and 2), perceivers were somehow tied to the source of self-verification (Study 1), the collective self was salient (Study 2), and group identification was important (Study 3). To the authors' knowledge, these studies are the first to examine self-verification at the collective level of self-definition. The parallel and distinct ways in which self-verification processes may operate at different levels of self-definition are discussed.Who am I? In response to this question, research has shown that people refer not only to who they are as individuals (e.g., "I am clumsy"), but also to who they are in relation to other individuals (e.g., "I am a mother") and to social groups (e.g., "I am a Democrat"; see, e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996). Although cultural and other factors may influence the relative emphasis of these different self-aspects (e.g., Cousins, 1989;Rhee, Uleman, Lee, & Roman, 1995), it is widely believed that there are multiple possible levels of self-definition. Moreover, recent years have witnessed a rise in efforts to integrate work on different levels of self-definition into a single framework or to extend concepts formulated at one level to other ones (for a review, see Sedikides & Brewer, 2001). For instance, Brewer and Gardner (1996) offered a single theoretical framework encompassing three levels of self-definition: personal self, relational self, and collective self. As another example, the relational-self idea that people incorporate significant others into the self (Aron, Aron, Tudor, & Nelson, 1991) has been extended to the collective level in research showing that people incorporate in-group members into the self (Smith & Henry, 1996). A final example is work on collective self-esteem in which processes examined with regard to personal or individual self-esteem have been applied to the collective self (Crocker & Luhtanen, 1990).Joining this trend, the present research attempts to integrate theorizing and research on different levels of self-definition in a new domain. Specifically, our goal was to examine whether and in what ways self-verification motives (Swann, 1990), which have been examined only with respect to individual self-views, extend to collective self-views, guiding evaluation of the self as a member of a group or collective. Self and MotivationAn assumption shared by many social-psychological theories of the self is that people are driven to achieve and maintain a high level of self-esteem. As a group, they are often referred to as self-enhancement theories, because th...

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Section: Journal Of Personality and Social Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Self and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Verification Motives at the Collective Level of Self-Definition.

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Shaw³

2004

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

120

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This gives rise to a self-serving attribution bias as the tendency to attribute success to the self and failure to external causes (Heider, 1976). The self-attribution bias not only appears to be a robust and pervasive phenomenon in human cognition (Zuckerman, 1979;Sedikides and Strube, 1995), but also varies along with age, gender and stereotypical task context. As a consequence, middle-aged men are reported to be much more overconfident than women, in particular with respect to masculine tasks relating to, e.g., math, science or finance (Mezulis et al, 2004;Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007;Jakobsson et al, 2013;Hoffmann and Post, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skilled But Unaware of It: Occurrence and Potential Long-Term Effects of Females' Financial Underconfidence

Bannier

Schwarz

2017

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may AbstractThis study examines actual and perceived financial sophistication (i.e., financial literacy and confidence) and its relation with individuals' current financial market participation and future-oriented financial planning. Using survey data from the German SAVE initiative, we find strong gender-and education-related differences in the distribution of the two variables:Whereas financial literacy rises in formal education, confidence increases in education for men but decreases for women. As a consequence, highly-educated women become strongly underconfident, while men remain overconfident. We show that these differences influence financial engagement:The financial decisions of highly-educated men benefit strongly from their excess confidence.Highly-educated women, in contrast, gain from their strong actual financial literacy with regard to current financial market participation, but their underconfidence impairs their long-term financial planning.JEL Classification: D91, G11, D83, J26

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“…Individuals can have a number of motivations for seeking and processing self-relevant information (Sedikides & Strube, 1995;Taylor, Neter, & Wayment, 1995) and both the information-processing motive and the type of self-conception that is active in a particular situation will influence how social comparison information is processed (Schwinghammer, Stapel, & Blanton, 2006;Stapel & Schwinghammer, 2004). Our results strongly suggest that self-enhancement concerns are associated with stretching and shrinking.…”

Section: Implications Of the Dimension Manipulation Effectmentioning

confidence: 67%

Motivated dimension manipulation in the processing of social comparison information

Kiviniemi

Snyder²,

Johnson

2008

Self and Identity

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Social comparisons allow individuals to gain knowledge of their traits and abilities. Individuals frequently have self-enhancement goals when processing self-relevant information. This study provided an initial test of the hypothesis that individuals engaging in social comparisons would manipulate cognitive representations of themselves and comparison targets in ways that allowed them to self-enhance. Participants were presented with upward, downward, or no social comparison information about their intelligence. They then completed a task, designed for this program of research, which assessed how participants altered cognitive representations of social comparison information. Results showed that participants altered cognitive representations in ways associated with greater perceived similarity to upward comparison targets and less similarity to downward comparison targets. This effect was moderated by self-esteem, suggesting that the process of manipulating cognitive representations of self-relevant information may serve selfenhancement motives. Understanding the cognitive processes involved in social comparisons is an important step towards accounting for the interplay of motivation and cognition in determining the outcomes individuals experience from social comparisons.

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The Multiply Motivated Self

Cited by 205 publications

References 35 publications

Self-Verification Motives at the Collective Level of Self-Definition.

Self-Verification Motives at the Collective Level of Self-Definition.

Skilled But Unaware of It: Occurrence and Potential Long-Term Effects of Females' Financial Underconfidence

Motivated dimension manipulation in the processing of social comparison information

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