The multiplex network structure of global cobalt industry chain

Shi, Qing; Sun, Xiaoqi; Xu, Man

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102555

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In fact, according to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in China ( (accessed on 8 March 2021)), the average monthly passenger flows of railway, highway, water transportation, and shipping in 2020 decreased by 39.80, 47.1, 45.03, and 36.71 percent, respectively, compared with 2019. The situation may be more complicated because of international trade [ 31 , 32 ]. Beyond that, in 2020, the number of motor vehicles in China reached 372 million, and 33.28 million new motor vehicles were registered, an increase of 1.14 million over 2019 according to the statistics of China’s Ministry of Public Security ( (accessed on 8 March 2021)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Huang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This paper revisits the heterogeneous impacts of COVID-19 on air quality. For different types of Chinese cities, we analyzed the different degrees of improvement in the concentrations of six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) during COVID-19 by analyzing the predictivity of air quality. Specifically, we divided the sample into three groups: cities with severe outbreaks, cities with a few confirmed cases, and cities with secondary outbreaks. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), recursive plots (RPs), and recursive quantitative analysis (RQA) were used to analyze these heterogeneous impacts and the predictivity of air quality. The empirical results indicated the following: (1) COVID-19 did not necessarily improve air quality due to factors such as the rebound effect of consumption, and its impacts on air quality were short-lived. After the initial outbreak, NO2, CO, and PM2.5 emissions declined for the first 1–3 months. (2) For the cities with severe epidemics, air quality was improved, but for the cities with second outbreaks, air quality was first enhanced and then deteriorated. For the cities with few confirmed cases, air quality first deteriorated and then improved. (3) COVID-19 changed the stability of the air quality sequence. The predictability of the air quality index (AQI) declined in cities with serious epidemic situations and secondary outbreaks, but for the cities with a few confirmed cases, the AQI achieved a stable state sooner. The conclusions may facilitate the analysis of differences in air quality evolution characteristics and fluctuations before and after outbreaks from a quantitative perspective.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Huang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Recycling from the end-of-life products also deserves attention (Fu et al, 2019;Rasmussen et al, 2019). In addition, evidence shows that there are a few countries that participate in the whole chain and own global influences (Shi et al, 2022). Ignoring the potential disruptions in the key countries impedes the effective management of supply chain risks.…”

Section: × Environmental Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the perspective of a multiplex network, mining, refining, manufacturing, consumption of end-use products, and waste management of the supply chain are different layers (Shi et al, 2022), as illustrated in Figure 3. In each layer, countries exchange goods through international trade, forming a single-layer network.…”

Section: Propagation Of Disruptions In Multiplex Trade Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supply chain risks of critical metals: Sources, propagation, and responses

Sun

2022

Front. Energy Res.

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In the era of globalization, industries of critical metals are organized through the global supply chain. However, the global supply chains have been disrupted since 2020 by the outbreak of COVID-19 and a series of geopolitical crises. To better address the supply chain challenges of critical metals, a review is needed about the sources, propagation, and responses of the supply chain risks. Firstly, this review provides an overview about the research progress in identifying the risk sources and assessing the risks and then proposes a new supply chain framework, categorizing relevant risk factors into upstream risks, middle-stream risks, downstream risks, and general risks, for risk analysis of critical metals. Secondly, this review offers a comprehensive understanding about how the risks propagate horizontally and vertically. Finally, responses such as supply diversification, stockpiling, material substitution, recycling and circular economy strategy, price volatility hedging, and supply chain traceability are reviewed. This survey features the supply chain perspective, overviews on network-based studies, and affirms the urgency and need for further studies on supply chain risks and resilience, which may contribute to a smooth clean energy transition.

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“…Nowadays, the globalization of the economy and the complexity of international trade relations have become ever more diversified, and numerous scholars have employed network analysis methods to investigate international energy trade (Ji et al, 2014;Xi et al, 2019;Liu L. et al, 2020), agricultural trade (Shutters and Muneepeerakul, 2012;Leem and Won, 2020;Sun et al, 2022b) and mineral resources trade (Liang et al, 2020;Tian et al, 2021;Shi et al, 2022). For the global trade system, the network analysis method can analyze the complicated trade relations among countries and the structural features of the trade network, which help us better perceive the trading system's function (Sun Q. et al, 2019;Sun et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the global trade system, the network analysis method can analyze the complicated trade relations among countries and the structural features of the trade network, which help us better perceive the trading system's function (Sun Q. et al, 2019;Sun et al, 2020). The existing studies on cobalt trade mainly focused on the international cobalt trade patterns and the stability of cobalt trade (Chen et al, 2019;Becker, 2021;Shao et al, 2022;Shi et al, 2022). For example, Liu S. et al (2020) first constructed a cobalt trade network, and in this network, the nodes represented countries, the edges reflected the direction of trade flow and the weight of the edges showed the trade volumes, and then predicted the potential cobalt trade relations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Country Risks on the Dependence Patterns of International Cobalt Trade: A Network Analysis Method

Shi

Sun

et al. 2022

Front. Energy Res.

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Cobalt is a key resource for the global energy transition, and the differences in the natural endowment of cobalt have led to frequent cobalt trade among countries. This study aims to reveal the dependence patterns of cobalt trade among countries and the impact of country risks (including political and economic risks) on the patterns. First, a cobalt import dependence network (CIDN) and a cobalt export dependence network (CEDN) are established using the network analysis method. Furthermore, this study uses network indicators to reveal the dependence patterns of cobalt trade among countries, and construct diversification indices of trade relations to further analyze the import source risk and the market concentration of cobalt trade. The results indicate that most cobalt importers have a high import source risk, and most cobalt exporters have a high market concentration. Finally, based on the panel regression methods, we reveal an interesting result showing that the dependence patterns of cobalt trade are significantly influenced by country risks. Specifically, on the one hand, for importers, an increase in political risk or economic risk has a negative impact on their dependence patterns of cobalt trade. On the other hand, for exporters, an increase in political risk or economic risk has different effects on their dependence patterns of cobalt trade. This study suggests that countries should pay more attention to the role of country risks in driving the dependence patterns when making cobalt trade policies.

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The multiplex network structure of global cobalt industry chain

Cited by 23 publications

References 23 publications

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Supply chain risks of critical metals: Sources, propagation, and responses

The Impact of Country Risks on the Dependence Patterns of International Cobalt Trade: A Network Analysis Method

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