The multiple and complex and changeable scenarios of the Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle in the sylvatic environment

Jansen, Ana Maria; Xavier, Samanta Cristina das Chagas; Roque, André Luiz Rodrigues

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.018

Cited by 118 publications

(164 citation statements)

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“…Concomitant infections (TcI-TcII and TcII-TcIV) were detected in tissue samples of rodents from the USA [73]. Mixed infections by two or three DTUs in free-living wild mammals have also been described [74]. In humans, mixed infections by two or three DTUs in chronically infected patients have been described in Colombia, Argentina, Chile and in Bolivian patients’ residing in Spain [75–79].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological scenario and Trypanosoma cruzi DTU characterization of a fatal acute Chagas disease case transmitted orally (Espírito Santo state, Brazil)

et al. 2016

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BackgroundTrypanosoma cruzi infection via oral route results in outbreaks or cases of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in different Brazilian regions and poses a novel epidemiological scenario. In the Espírito Santo state (southeastern Brazil), a fatal case of a patient with ACD led us to investigate the enzootic scenario to avoid the development of new cases. At the studied locality, Triatoma vitticeps exhibited high T. cruzi infection rates and frequently invaded residences.MethodsSylvatic and domestic mammals in the Rio da Prata locality, where the ACD case occurred, and in four surrounding areas (Baia Nova, Buenos Aires, Santa Rita and Todos os Santos) were examined and underwent parasitological and serological tests. Triatomines were collected for a fecal material exam, culturing and mini-exon gene molecular characterization, followed by RFLP-PCR of H3/Alul. Paraffin-embedded cardiac tissue of a patient was washed with xylene to remove paraffin and DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method. For genotype characterization, PCR was performed to amplify the 1f8, GPI and 18S rRNA genes. In the case of V7V8 SSU rRNA, the PCR products were molecularly cloned. PCR products were sequenced and compared to sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates was performed.ResultsNone of the animals showed positive hemocultures. Three rodents and two dogs showed signs of infection, as inferred from borderline serological titers. T. vitticeps was the only triatomine species identified and showed T. cruzi infection by DTUs TcI and TcIV. The analysis of cardiac tissue DNA showed mixed infection by T. cruzi (DTUs I, II, III and IV) and Trypanosoma dionisii.ConclusionsEach case or outbreak of ACD should be analyzed as a particular epidemiological occurrence. The results indicated that mixed infections in humans may play a role in pathogenicity and may be more common than is currently recognized. Direct molecular characterization from biological samples is essential because this procedure avoids parasite selection. T. dionisii may under certain and unknown circumstances infect humans. The distribution of T. cruzi DTUS TcIII and TcIV in Brazilian biomes is broader than has been assumed to date.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1754-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological scenario and Trypanosoma cruzi DTU characterization of a fatal acute Chagas disease case transmitted orally (Espírito Santo state, Brazil)

et al. 2016

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“…Bar et al (1999) found 3.8% of infection in this primate species in Corrientes, Argentine Chaco. Jansen et al (2015) also described specimens of Cebus spp. with natural infection in distinct Brazilian ecotopes especially in the Amazon and Atlantic forest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with natural infection in distinct Brazilian ecotopes especially in the Amazon and Atlantic forest. Primates from other species have been also found infected with this parasite, including Leontopithecus rosalia, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, Saimiri sciureus, in different regions of Brazil (ZICCARDI & LOURENÇO-DE-OLIVEIRA, 1997;FERNANDES et al, 1999;LISBOA et al, 2004LISBOA et al, , 2006MONTEIRO et al, 2007;JANSEN et al, 2015); Macaca silenus, Varecia variegata variegata, Lemur catta in the United States, (PUNG et al, 1998;HALL et al, 2007) among others. Reported infection rates ranged from 4% to 88% and infections of T. cruzi combined with T. rangeli in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest were described (ZICCARDI & LOURENÇO-DE-OLIVEIRA, 1997;SILVA et al, 2008;JANSEN et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Sapajus cay naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi in San Pedro Department, Paraguay

Acosta

Miret

López

et al. 2016

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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To verify the occurrence of natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in non-human primates from a rural endemic area of the east region of Paraguay, xenodiagnosis was performed in 35 animals belonging to two species. For genotyping and T. cruzi discrete typing unit (DTU) assignment, a combination of four markers was used, including amplification products of the small (18S) and large (24Sα) subunits of ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene, the intergenic region of mini-exon gene and the heat shock protein 60 Eco-RV polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (HSP60/EcoRV-PCR-RFLP). One specimen of Sapajus cay was found positive and infected by the DTU TcII. This result constitutes the first record of natural T. cruzi infection in a sylvatic monkey in Paraguay, harbouring a DTU associated with severe Chagas disease in humans.Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi, primates, Paraguay. ResumoCom o objetivo de verificar a infecção natural por Trypanosoma cruzi em primatas não-humanos de uma área endêmica rural da região leste do Paraguai, foi realizado o xenodiagnóstico em 35 animais pertencentes a duas espécies. Para a genotipagem foi utilizada a unidade discreta de tipagem (UDT) do T. cruzi, em uma combinação de quatro marcadores, incluindo amplificação de produtos de pequena (18S) e grande (24Sα) subunidades do gene do ácido ribonucleico ribossômico, da região intergênica de miniéxon e do gene da proteína de choque térmico 60 (HSP60/ EcoRV-PCR-RFLP), pela reação em cadeia da Polimerase. Um espécime de Sapajus cay se mostrou positivo pelo UDT TcII. Este resultado constitui o primeiro relato da infecção natural pelo T. cruzi em um macaco silvestre no Paraguai, abrigando um UDT associado com a doença de Chagas grave em humanos.Palavras-chave: Trypanosoma cruzi, primatas, Paraguai.

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“…This genetic variability is presumably a significant contributing factor to its widespread enzootic infection. Distribution of T. cruzi genetic signatures from infections throughout the mammalian fauna indicates that it has more animal reservoirs than was previously understood [15]. …”

Section: Successes In Chagas Disease Prevention and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and Challenges in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy

Mensah

Burns

Peprah

et al. 2015

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The multiple and complex and changeable scenarios of the Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle in the sylvatic environment

Cited by 118 publications

References 101 publications

Ecological scenario and Trypanosoma cruzi DTU characterization of a fatal acute Chagas disease case transmitted orally (Espírito Santo state, Brazil)

Ecological scenario and Trypanosoma cruzi DTU characterization of a fatal acute Chagas disease case transmitted orally (Espírito Santo state, Brazil)

First report of Sapajus cay naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi in San Pedro Department, Paraguay

Opportunities and Challenges in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy

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