The multiethnic ancestry of Bolivians as revealed by the analysis of Y-chromosome markers

Cárdenas, Jorge; Heinz, Tanja; Pardo-Seco, Jacobo; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Taboada-Echalar, Patricia; Sánchez-Diz, Paula; Carracedo, Ángel; Salas, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.023

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Within and between group genetic variability in Bolivian populations is apparently high [ 27 , 32 ]; however, this variability might not apply to all populations within Bolivia [ 33 ]. Also in agreement with other studies carried out in Native American populations, the Y-chromosome in Bolivians shows an important introgression of European lineages [ 21 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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The Genomic Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Yungas Valley of Bolivia

et al. 2015

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During the period of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) some enslaved Africans were forced to move to Upper Peru (nowadays Bolivia). At first they were sent to Potosí, but later to the tropical Yungas valley where the Spanish colonizers established a so-called “hacienda system” that was based on slave labor, including African-descendants. Due to their isolation, very little attention has been paid so far to ‘Afro-Bolivian’ communities either within the research field of TAST or in genetic population studies. In this study, a total of 105 individuals from the Yungas were sequenced for their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, and mitogenomes were obtained for a selected subset of these samples. We also genotyped 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIM) in order to investigate continental ancestry at the autosomal level. In addition, Y-chromosome STR and SNP data for a subset of the same individuals was also available from the literature. The data indicate that the partitioning of mtDNA ancestry in the Yungas differs significantly from that in the rest of the country: 81% Native American, 18% African, and 1% European. Interestingly, the great majority of ‘Afro-descendant’ mtDNA haplotypes in the Yungas (84%) concentrates in the locality of Tocaña. This high proportion of African ancestry in the Tocaña is also manifested in the Y-chromosome (44%) and in the autosomes (56%). In sharp contrast with previous studies on the TAST, the ancestry of about 1/3 of the ‘Afro-Bolivian’ mtDNA haplotypes can be traced back to East and South East Africa, which may be at least partially explained by the Arab slave trade connected to the TAST.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This has been observed in American countries, e.g. in the Brazilian population [ 9 , 20 ], in Bolivia [ 21 ], and in Argentina [ 22 ], but also in African colonies such as the Cape Verde islands, which were taken over by the Portuguese and converted to a sugar plantation [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Genomic Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Yungas Valley of Bolivia

et al. 2015

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“…Y-chromosomal and autosomal markers were genotyped in order to provide a more complete picture of the genetic patterns of Guatemalans. For instance, these markers have revealed the existence of an important gender-bias in this country (as it occurs in other American countries [ 74 , 75 ]), which moreover differs in ‘Ladinos’ and Maya.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the ‘Ladinos’ from Guatemala

et al. 2015

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BackgroundGuatemala is a multiethnic and multilingual country located in Central America. The main population groups separate ‘Ladinos’ (mixed Native American-African-Spanish), and Native indigenous people of Maya descent. Among the present-day Guatemalan Maya, there are more than 20 different ethnic groups separated by different languages and cultures. Genetic variation of these communities still remains largely unexplored. The principal aim of this study is to explore the genetic variability of the Maya and ‘Ladinos’ from Guatemala by means of uniparental and ancestry informative markers (AIMs).ResultsAnalyses of uniparental genetic markers indicate that Maya have a dominant Native American ancestry (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]: 100%; Y-chromosome: 94%). ‘Ladino’, however, show a clear gender-bias as indicated by the large European ancestry observed in the Y-chromosome (75%) compared to the mtDNA (0%). Autosomal polymorphisms (AIMs) also mirror this marked gender-bias: (i) Native American ancestry: 92% for the Maya vs. 55% for the ‘Ladino’, and (ii) European ancestry: 8% for the Maya vs. 41% for the ‘Ladino’. In addition, the impact of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade on the present-day Guatemalan population is very low (and only occurs in the ‘Ladino’; mtDNA: 9%; AIMs: 4%), in part mirroring the fact that Guatemala has a predominant orientation to the Pacific Ocean instead of a Caribbean one. Sequencing of entire Guatemalan mitogenomes has led to improved Native American phylogeny via the addition of new haplogroups that are mainly observed in Mesoamerica and/or the North of South America.ConclusionsThe data reveal the existence of a fluid gene flow in the Mesoamerican area and a predominant unidirectional flow towards South America, most likely occurring during the Pre-Classic (1800 BC-200 AD) and the Classic (200–1000 AD) Eras of the Mesoamerican chronology, coinciding with development of the most distinctive and advanced Mesoamerican civilization, the Maya. Phylogenetic features of mtDNA data also suggest a demographic scenario that is compatible with moderate local endogamy and isolation in the Maya combined with episodes of gene exchange between ethnic groups, suggesting an ethno-genesis in the Guatemalan Maya that is recent and supported on a cultural rather than a biological basis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…In this case, the European contribution is mainly represented by the R1b haplogroup in the Y-chromosome 55,59. The proportion of the Native American haplogroup Q1a3a, depends on the survival of the Native American males, given their killing carried out by Europeans during the conquest.…”

Section: Genetic Ancestry Influences Hcv Pharmacogenomics In Latin Ammentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C virus pharmacogenomics in Latin American populations: implications in the era of direct-acting antivirals

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et al. 2017

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In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of new therapeutic options for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) represent a great hope for millions of chronically infected individuals because their use may lead to excellent cure rates with fewer side effects. In Latin America, the high prevalence of HCV genotype 1 infection and the significant association of Native American ancestry with risk predictive single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFNL4 and ITPA genes highlight the need to implement new treatment regimens in these populations. However, the universal accessibility to DAAs is still not a reality in the region as their high cost is one of the major, although not the only, limiting factors for their broad implementation. Therefore, under these circumstances, could the assessment of host genetic markers be a useful tool to prioritize DAA treatment until global access to these new drugs can be achieved? This review will summarize the scientific evidences and the potential implications of HCV pharmacogenomics in this rapidly evolving era of anti-HCV drug development.

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The multiethnic ancestry of Bolivians as revealed by the analysis of Y-chromosome markers

Cited by 20 publications

References 61 publications

The Genomic Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Yungas Valley of Bolivia

The Genomic Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Yungas Valley of Bolivia

Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the ‘Ladinos’ from Guatemala

Hepatitis C virus pharmacogenomics in Latin American populations: implications in the era of direct-acting antivirals

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