The mRNA of the
            <i>Arabidopsis</i>
            Gene
            <i>FT</i>
            Moves from Leaf to Shoot Apex and Induces Flowering

Huang, Tianzi; Böhlenius, Henrik; Eriksson, Sven; Parcy, François; Nilsson, Ove

doi:10.1126/science.1117768

Cited by 241 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These results suggest that CO protein activates FT in the phloem cells and that the FT protein might move out of the phloem to the SAM, where floral development is induced. Experiments showed that FT expression driven by a heat shock-inducible promoter in a single Arabidopsis leaf was sufficient to initiate flowering under short days, suggesting that FT mRNA acts as a floral signal from leaf to the SAM (Huang et al, 2005). However, movement of the FT protein from phloem to the SAM has not been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Arabidopsis model, FT is activated in the phloem companion cells of mature leaves (Takada and Goto, 2003), its mRNA moves out of the phloem to the SAM (Huang et al, 2005), and then FT protein interacts with FD protein at the SAM to induce floral development through AP1 (Abe et al, 2005;Wigge et al, 2005). FT mRNA appears to be part of a systemic signal.…”

Section: Seasonal Flower Initiation and Shoot Architecture In Poplarmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PoplarFT2Shortens the Juvenile Phase and Promotes Seasonal Flowering

et al. 2006

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Many woody perennials, such as poplar (Populus deltoides), are not able to form flower buds during the first several years of their life cycle. They must undergo a transition from the juvenile phase to the reproductive phase to be competent to produce flower buds. After this transition, trees begin to form flower buds in the spring of each growing season. The genetic factors that control flower initiation, ending the juvenile phase, are unknown in poplar. The factors that regulate seasonal flower bud formation are also unknown. Here, we report that poplar FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2), a relative of the Arabidopsis thaliana flowering-time gene FT, controls first-time and seasonal flowering in poplar. The FT2 transcript is rare during the juvenile phase of poplar. When juvenile poplar is transformed with FT2 and transcript levels are increased, flowering is induced within 1 year. During the transition between vegetative and reproductive growth in mature trees, FT2 transcripts are abundant during reproductive growth under long days. Subsequently, floral meristems emerge on flanks of the axillary inflorescence shoots. These findings suggest that FT2 is part of the flower initiation pathway in poplar and plays an additional role in regulating seasonal flower initiation that is integrated with the poplar perennial growth habit.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seasonal Flower Initiation and Shoot Architecture In Poplarmentioning

confidence: 99%

PoplarFT2Shortens the Juvenile Phase and Promotes Seasonal Flowering

et al. 2006

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“…The transmissible flowering stimulus has been hypothetically called 'florigen', and the identification of it is one of the major goals of the flowering study. Recently, mRNA or protein of the floral pathway integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT ) was reported to be a transmissible flowering stimulus in A. thaliana (Abe et al 2001, Huang et al 2005, Wigge et al 2005). We do not have currently any informations to argue whether P. frutescens has the same regulating mechanism as does A. thaliana.…”

Section: The Process Of Flowering Induced By 5-azacytidinementioning

confidence: 99%

Flowering induced by 5‐azacytidine, a DNA demethylating reagent in a short‐day plant, Perilla frutescens var. crispa

Kondo

Ozaki

Itoh

et al. 2006

Physiologia Plantarum

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Treatment with 5-azacytidine, a DNA demethylating reagent, induced flowering in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Thunb. ex Murray) Decne. ex L. H. Bailey, an absolute short-day plant under long days. The 5-azacytidine treatment induced slight suppression of vegetative growth but had no obvious effect on any other phenotypes. The Southern hybridization analysis of the genomic DNA isolated from the leaves of 5-azacytidine-treated plants and digested with restriction enzyme, methylation-insensitive Msp I or methylation-sensitive Hpa II with P. frutescens 25S-18S rDNA intergenic spacer probe indicated that the 5-azacytidine treatment caused demethylation of the genomic DNA. The 5-azacytidine-induced flowering was delayed as compared with the short day-induced flowering. Flowers were formed even at the lower nodes which had not been directly treated with 5-azacytidine. The results suggest that DNA demethylation induced flowering by inducing the production of a transmissible flowering stimulus in P. frutescens.

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“…FT is regulated by the flowering-time gene CONSTANS in both long-and short-day plants (14,15), and grafting experiments in Arabidopsis have shown that systemic induction of flowering by CONSTANS is most likely mediated by FT (16,17). It was recently shown that a small fraction of heat-shock-induced FT RNA, originating in a single leaf, is found in the SAPs, suggesting that the FT mRNA itself may represent a major component of florigen (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli

Lifschitz

Eviatar

Rozman

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

544

481

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Several indications implied that the Arabidopsis FT ( FLOW-ERING LOCUS T) gene provides a possible functional link between the systemic pathways and the cell-autonomous pathways to flowering. FT is a major integrator of the genetic pathways to flowering in short and long days (4, 5); it encodes a signaling factor (6, 7) and is not expressed in the SAM proper (8) but can be detected, upon induction, in shoot apices (SAPs) containing young leaves (9). Flowering is delayed in mutant ft plants (10, 11), and when FT is overexpressed, flowering occurs earlier with a determinate inflorescence (12, 13). FT is regulated by the flowering-time gene CONSTANS in both long-and short-day plants (14,15), and grafting experiments in Arabidopsis have shown that systemic induction of flowering by CONSTANS is most likely mediated by FT (16,17). It was recently shown that a small fraction of heat-shock-induced FT RNA, originating in a single leaf, is found in the SAPs, suggesting that the FT mRNA itself may represent a major component of florigen (18).We chose tomato, a photoperiod-insensitive plant, to test the premise that orthologs of the Arabidopsis FT gene can initiate a conserved, long-distance, flower-promoting pathway in diverse flowering systems. The generality of the florigen hypothesis was supported by interspecies grafting experiments (2). Grafting results are independent of the validity of promoters, the resolution of in situ hybridization patterns, inferences derived from the activation of upstream genes, or interpretations of clonal analysis. The perennial habit; the compound shoots, which permit the analysis of multiple vegetative͞floral transition events in one plant (19); and the ease of grafting render tomato as a useful experimental platform for investigating the nature of florigen. We expanded the analysis in tomato with parallel experiments in long-day Arabidopsis and short-day tobacco.The primary shoot of tomato is terminated by an inflorescence, after which the apparent main axis consists of an upright array of reiterated axillary branches called sympodial units (SUs). Each SU arises from the most proximal axillary bud of the preceding unit and consists of three vegetative nodes and a terminal inflorescence (Fig. 1A). The distinction between the primary and compound sections of sympodial plants provides two basic criteria for flowering time: the number of leaves to the first inflorescence in the primary shoot and the number of leaves between inflorescences in the compound part. Here, we identify the tomato FT ortholog as SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT), a gene regulating primary shoot flowering time, sympodial habit, and flower morphology. All aspects of the sft phenotype were complemented by graft-transmissible SFT signals, suggesting that all are the consequence of a common flowering-time defect. Significantly, graft-transmissible SFT signals substituted for light dose and two inductive photoperiodic stimuli in different species as well. ResultsThe Tomato Ortholog of FT Is Disrupted in Late-Flowering sft Mutants....

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The mRNA of the Arabidopsis Gene FT Moves from Leaf to Shoot Apex and Induces Flowering

Cited by 241 publications

References 19 publications

PoplarFT2Shortens the Juvenile Phase and Promotes Seasonal Flowering

PoplarFT2Shortens the Juvenile Phase and Promotes Seasonal Flowering

Flowering induced by 5‐azacytidine, a DNA demethylating reagent in a short‐day plant, Perilla frutescens var. crispa

The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli

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