The Movements of the Large Intestine

Garry, R. C.

doi:10.1152/physrev.1934.14.1.103

Cited by 47 publications

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“…It is generally believed that this activity is in turn modulated by the central nervous system through the extrinsic parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves (Garry, 1934;Hulten, 1969;Rostad, 1973). The parasympathetic innervation is primarily excitatory and arises in the sacral segments of the spinal cord (the pelvic nerves) and to lesser extent from the brain stem (vagus nerves).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former provides an input to the entire colon; the latter an input to proximal regions of the colon. Sympathetic pathways which arise in both the thoracic (greater splanchnic nerves) and lumbar segments (colonic and hypogastric nerves) of the spinal cord exert an inhibitory influence on colonic motility (Langley & Anderson, 1895; Garry, 1934;Hulten, 1969;Rostad, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in laboratory animals and humans suggest that reflex activation ofthis system by distension or by a frictional stimulus in the rectum enhances the motility of the descending colon and rectum and facilitates the elimination of faeces (Cannon, 1902;Garry, 1933aGarry, , 1934Denny-Brown & Robertson, 1935;Hulten, 1969;Kock, Kewenter & Sundin, 1972). Destruction of the sacral outflow or damage to the autonomic pathways in the spinal cord can result in severe constipation and dilatation of the distal bowel (Adamson & Aird, 1932;Garry, 1933b;Nathan & Smith, 1953;Devroede & Lamarche, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The sacral parasympathetic reflex pathway regulating colonic motility and defaecation in the cat.

Groat¹,

Krier²

1978

The Journal of Physiology

107

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SUMMARY1. The sacral parasympathetic outflow to the large intestine of the cat was studied by monitoring simultaneously intestinal motility and the efferent firing in postganglionic fibres on the serosal surface of the mid-distal colon.2. Increases in efferent firing were noted during the occurrence of spontaneous propulsive activity (tonic pressure waves) or segmental contractions (slow rhythmic pressure waves). The neural discharge was not altered by transaction of the lumbar sympathetic innervation to the colon but was blocked by interruption of the sacral parasympathetic outflow.3. Electrical stimulation of pelvic nerve afferents arising in the colon or distension of the colon or rectum evoked reflex increases in efferent firing and sustained propulsive contractions that were associated with defaecation. Both responses were abolished by transaction of the pelvic nerves or sacral dorsal roots.4. Electrical stimulation of colonic afferent fibres also evoked synchronous reflex discharges in colonic efferents at latencies ranging from 180 to 300 msec. The discharges were enhanced during propulsive contractions, abolished by transaction of the pelvic nerves but not altered by transaction of the lumbar sympathetic nerves.5. Sacral reflexes were present in cats with intact spinal cord and in chronic spinal animals transactionn at T10-T12). The reflexes recovered within minutes to several hours after acute transaction of the spinal cord.6. Electrophysiological measurements indicated that the sacral reflexes to the large intestine were mediated by non-myelinated afferent and preganglionic efferent fibres. The central delay for the reflex was estimated to be 45-60 msec.7. It is concluded that the sacral parasympathetic reflexes to the large intestine are mediated via a spinal pathway and have an essential role in the initiation of propulsive activity during defaecation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The sacral parasympathetic reflex pathway regulating colonic motility and defaecation in the cat.

Groat¹,

Krier²

1978

The Journal of Physiology

107

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“…Since the two sphincters are superimposed, one upon the other, it is difficult to disentangle the roles played by these two in the control of the anal canal. Garry (1933aGarry ( , 1934 gives diagrams of the anatomical arrangement, with the nerve supply, both in the cat and in man. Floyd & Walls (1953) have an accurate drawing of the actual relationships in man.…”

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confidence: 99%

Control of the external sphincter of the anus in the cat

Bishop¹,

Garry²,

Roberts³

et al. 1956

The Journal of Physiology

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There is of necessity co-ordination between the activity of the caudal region of the large gut and the behaviour of the sphincters which control the anal canal. There are, however, two sphincters. The internal anal sphincter of smooth muscle receives its motor supply through the hypogastric nerves from the sympathetic outflow and its inhibitory supply through the pelvic nerves from the parasympathetic outflow. The external anal sphincter of striped muscle is controlled by the somatic pudendal nerves. In this case relaxation can only be due to a reduction in frequency of existing motor impulses in the pudendal nerves. Since the two sphincters are superimposed, one upon the other, it is difficult to disentangle the roles played by these two in the control of the anal canal. Garry (1933aGarry ( , 1934 gives diagrams of the anatomical arrangement, with the nerve supply, both in the cat and in man. Floyd & Walls (1953) have an accurate drawing of the actual relationships in man. The nerve supply to the distal portion of the colon and to the anal sphincters of the cat is shown schematically in Fig. 1 of this paper. Garry (1933b) was able to show by mechanical recording in the cat that movement of an object within the distal colon, when the pelvic and pudendal nerves were both intact, led to dilatation of the anal canal. Such dilatation could still be evoked after section of both pudendal nerves had paralysed the external anal sphincter. Thus stimulation of the colon must lead to inhibition of the internal anal sphincter by impulses travelling in the pelvic nerves. But there was no actual proof for inhibition of the external anal sphincter when the colon was stimulated. Such inhibition had to be assumed, otherwise dilatation of the anal canal could not have taken place when the pudendal nerves were intact. This belief that the two sphincters relaxed simultaneously was further supported by the observations of Barrington (1921, 1931) on the reciprocal behaviour of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder and the striped

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“…IN a review of the movements of the large intestine, Garry [1934] emphasized the importance of structure in relation to function of the colon and suggested that the human colon was nearer to the herbivorous than to the carnivorous type. For the most part, however, colon function has been studied in dogs or in men with colonic disease, and apart from the work of Elliott and Barclay-Smith [1904] the herbivorous colon has attracted little attention.…”

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confidence: 99%

Some Functions of the Large Intestine of the Horse

Alexander¹

1952

Exp Physiol

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1. Techniques are described for cannulating the cæcum, ventral and dorsal colon of the horse. 2. Cæcal and colonic movements consisted of irregular contractions of which three types were recognized. Withholding food caused reduction in frequency or cessation of all contractions of cæcum and ventral colon; the dorsal colon remained unaffected. No evidence was obtained of antiperistaltic movements, as judged by the movement of carbon granules. 3. Adrenaline inhibited and carbamylcholine increased the frequency of the contractions. Histamine and posterior pituitary extract inhibited movements. 4. The concentration of volatile fatty acid in the liquor of the cæcum and ventral colon was decreased by withholding food and increased by feeding. This effect was not marked in the dorsal colon. The proportion of propionic acid in the ventral colon was greater than in the dorsal colon. 5. The rate at which cotton‐threads disintegrated when suspended in the cæcum, ventral and dorsal colon decreased in an oral‐caudal direction. Withholding food greatly reduced the rate of disintegration.

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The Movements of the Large Intestine

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

The sacral parasympathetic reflex pathway regulating colonic motility and defaecation in the cat.

The sacral parasympathetic reflex pathway regulating colonic motility and defaecation in the cat.

Control of the external sphincter of the anus in the cat

Some Functions of the Large Intestine of the Horse

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