The movement for the promotion of competitive women's sport in Japan, 1924–35

Raita, Kyoko

doi:10.1080/09523369908714088

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This led to the formation of a parallel image of 'haikara'. [48] This substantial development in women's sports and physical education was, however, gradually integrated in the reinterpretation of 'liberal education' just before and during the Second World War. In wartime Japan, 'liberal education' was conceived under a new understanding of fascism and the importance of women's bodily exercises and health was emphasized more than ever before.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This period was just before fascism and totalitarianism came to rule over educational principles in Japan and attempted to convert it to a new understanding of 'liberal education' that fitted fascist ideology. [32] In fact, the Japanese Women's Sport Federation (JWSP) was established in 1926 and it was said that the federation's foremost aim was to ensure that Kinue Hitomi (a silver medallist in the woman's 800m track event at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympic Games) took part in the second International Ladies' Games that same year. [32] …”

Section: The Modern Educational System and The Idea Of Ryōsai-kembomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[32] In fact, the Japanese Women's Sport Federation (JWSP) was established in 1926 and it was said that the federation's foremost aim was to ensure that Kinue Hitomi (a silver medallist in the woman's 800m track event at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympic Games) took part in the second International Ladies' Games that same year. [32] …”

Section: The Modern Educational System and The Idea Of Ryōsai-kembomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ryōsai-kembo, Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism under Fascism: Women and Sport in Modern Japan

Ikeda

2010

The International Journal of the History of Sport

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Following the Second World War, Japanese women have gained greater equality in terms of their legal status, career opportunities and general personal freedom. However, cultural inequalities remain, and this is no less so than in sport. Access to job opportunities in the sports media, for example, has been restricted, while participation in sport overall and in some sports in particular has been subject to sexist attitudes. The development of women's sport in Japan has been uneven. Women's physical education was first introduced after the 1895 Sino-Japanese War to support the Japanese State's notions of 'ryōsai-kembo', Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism. During the Taisho era, prior to the Second World War, women achieved a measure of freedom in sport through the development of 'liberal education' in which the physical education curriculum was modernized by Western-influenced educationalists. During the war, however, this was replaced by a militaristic sports curriculum. In wartime Japan, feminism was influenced by a grass-roots fascism that promoted the idea of 'the nation', which justified the central existence of the Emperor and emphasized the importance of a physically robust maternity. Women's physical education and sports has therefore followed at least three phases: the first was based on the idea of ryōsai-kembo and made possible the first stage of secondary education for women (after the Sino Japanese War, 1894-95); the second, the Taisho era of 'liberal education', produced many haikara (high-collar; middle class) women and increased their participation in organized competitive sports. The third phase that witnessed the era of maternal feminism and the resurrection of traditional budo in which the importance of physical education for women was emphasized more than ever (especially 1936-45). The end of the Second World War became the starting point for a new era of women's education. In most narratives of Japanese women in sport, the gains made in wartime Japan were seen in post-war Japan as being evil and so, the previously improved status of women in sport is as seen has having reverted to its traditional, conservative condition. This paper argues that the histories of the concepts of 'ryōsai-kembo' and 'haikara' reflect the wider social

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Modern Educational System and The Idea Of Ryōsai-kembomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Modern Educational System and The Idea Of Ryōsai-kembomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ryōsai-kembo, Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism under Fascism: Women and Sport in Modern Japan

Ikeda

2010

The International Journal of the History of Sport

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“…Nonetheless, baseball was part of the annual Japanese Women’s Olympic Games in 1924 and 1925, and the baseball throw was included as an event from 1924 to 1927 (Raita, 1999). Despite its popularity among young women, baseball was removed from the program because the sport had been outlawed in numerous localities around the country in response to a declaration issued by a conference of girls’ high school principals proclaiming that “it was ‘unfeminine’ for girls’ high school students to play the game of baseball” (Raita, 1999, p. 122). Resistance to these narrow norms came from the girls and women who continued to play as well as from the broader community, including a backhanded statement of support from a 1924 issue of Sportsman , a prominent national sports magazine.…”

Section: The Globalization Of Women’s Baseballmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resistance to these narrow norms came from the girls and women who continued to play as well as from the broader community, including a backhanded statement of support from a 1924 issue of Sportsman , a prominent national sports magazine. In describing the benefits of baseball for women, the article notes that “women habitually lack resolution in large degree,” but the game of baseball has “excellent benefits that accrue to the physique in the general” and is “a far more efficacious form of physical exercise than any other” (quoted in Raita, 1999, pp. 122-123).…”

Section: The Globalization Of Women’s Baseballmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not America’s Game: The Globalization and Post-Westernization of Women’s Baseball

Maddox

2019

Journal of Sport and Social Issues

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This article explores the globalization of women’s baseball from both historical and contemporary perspectives. The women’s game is largely absent from literature about the global diffusion of baseball, but its growing presence in numerous cultural contexts demands attention. Drawing on ideas from Rumford and Cho, I contend that contemporary women’s baseball is best read as an example of post-Westernization, which sets it apart from the men’s game still largely defined by the singular entity of Major League Baseball. The power base of women’s baseball has shifted from the United States to East Asia, as developments such as youth infrastructure, a professional league, and annual tournaments have created a surge of interest in women’s baseball in the region. Moreover, East Asia’s commitment to women’s baseball as a sport distinct from softball reinforces the shift of organizational power and cultural influence away from the United States.

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A Cohort Analysis on the Career Life Cycles of Players of the LPGA of Japan Tour

Shin

2021

East Asia

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the patterns of professional career paths of the players of the Ladies Professional Golf Association of Japan (JLPGA) Tour. Using the athletes' professional career life cycle model as the theoretical framework, this study will analyze the career development of elite players of the JLPGA from their rookie year to the point of retirement. The year of each JLPGA tournament win by selected players will be examined for the players' entire careers. The players' money ranking for each year of their careers is also analyzed to determine the stages of the players' career life cycles. The tournament win span, i.e., the number of years between a player's first and last JLPGA tournament win, will be computed. The career life cycles of players of different cohorts will be compared to determine whether or not there was any transformation in the structure of career stages of the players over time. The career development patterns of Japanese-born players will be compared with those of the international players of the JLPGA.

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The movement for the promotion of competitive women's sport in Japan, 1924–35

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Ryōsai-kembo, Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism under Fascism: Women and Sport in Modern Japan

Ryōsai-kembo, Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism under Fascism: Women and Sport in Modern Japan

Not America’s Game: The Globalization and Post-Westernization of Women’s Baseball

A Cohort Analysis on the Career Life Cycles of Players of the LPGA of Japan Tour

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