The Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-COVID19S): Measurement Invariant Evidence for Its Nine-Item Version in Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia

Abstract

Background: As the number of COVID-19 cases grows worldwide, one solution to the global pandemic is vaccination. Unfortunately, the hesitancy of receiving vaccines is still high, particularly among younger age groups (eg, students). Because the hesitancy of receiving vaccines is an important issue, instruments have been developed to assess vaccine hesitancy. Moreover, the use of these instruments among specific groups such as students is of critical importance. Aim: The present study examined the psychometric properties of the nine-item MoVac-COVID19S (also known as the DrVac-COVID19S) including its measurement invariance among university students in three different countries (ie, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia). Methods: A multi-country, web-based cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 1809 university students, recruited from the three countries from May to September 2021. The nine-item scale was translated into Traditional Chinese, Bahasa Indonesian, and Malay. Results:The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the one-factor structure of the MoVac-COVID19S was fully supported among Indonesian and Malay participants (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.991 and 0.998; Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.997 and 0.987; root mean sqaure error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.040 and 0.071; and standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.014 and 0.039). Moreover, the four-factor structure was supported among Indonesian, Malay, and Taiwanese participants (CFI = 0.998, 0.998, and 0.985; TLI = 0.997, 0.996, and 0.973; RMSEA = 0.044, 0.038, and 0.091; and SRMR = 0.013, 0.018, and 0.049). Conclusion:The MoVac-COVID19S has good construct validity among university students from three different countries (ie, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia). The four-factor structure of the MoVac-COVID19S was supported. Therefore, health-care providers may want to assess the four underlying constructs to better understand why a university student accepts or declines COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the three countries. Using the findings, government policymakers and health-care authorities can design appropriate programs to help decrease vaccine hesitancy.

Validation and Cultural Adaptation of the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-COVID19S) in German

“…Nevertheless, this traditional multifactor model result is limited to determine such dimensionality, a limitation in the literature that required further testing, as discussed below. The 9-item version of the MoVac-COVID19S demonstrated a good fit, based on Asparouhov and Muthén (2018), which was superior to previous scale validations conducted in Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia (Pramukti et al, 2022). This highlights the critical role of cultural appropriateness in psychometric assessments, advocated by the classical test theory, and reaffirms our version's validity in a German sample (Cooper, 2023;Yeh et al, 2021).…”

“…So far, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results have indicated better fit indices and internal consistency for the 9-item version of the MoVac-COVID19S compared to the 12-item version of the MoVac-COVID19S among Chinese university students (Chen et al, 2021). Pramukti et al (2022) also found out that the one-factor structure of the MoVac-COVID19S fitted well among Indonesian and Malay university students compared to Taiwanese participants; however, the four-factor structure was fully supported among participants in each of these countries (see also Chen et al, 2022).…”

Fear, Stress, Susceptibility, and Problematic Social Media Use Explain Motivation for COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors Among Patients With Stroke and Their Caregivers

“… 19 The MoVac-COVID19S item scores were unified in the same direction and summed (scores ranging between 12 and 84) with higher scores indicating greater motivation for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. 20 , 21 An example item is “ Vaccination is a very effective way to protect me against COVID-19. ” The MoVac-COVID19S has been validated across different populations, 22 including the Taiwanese population.…”

Problematic Gaming in Malaysian University Students: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Malay Language Versions of Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Young Adults

“…Multigroup CFA was used to examine measurement invariance of the GDT and GADIS-YA across gender (male vs. female) and across gaming time (< 2 hours vs. ≥ 2 hours). For each instrument and each variable for invariance testing, there were three nested models: (i) configural model that did not constrain any estimations equal across variable groups (e.g., male and female); (ii) metric equivalence model that constrained all factor loadings equal across variable groups; and (iii) scalar equivalence model that constrained all factor loadings and item threshold equal across variable groups (Chen et al, 2022b; Pramukti et al, 2022). Measurement invariance is supported when ΔCFI (i.e., CFI difference between every two nested models) > −0.01; ΔRMSEA (i.e., RMSEA difference between every two nested models) < 0.015; together with ΔSRMR (i.e., SRMR difference between every two nested models) < 0.03 (for factor loading) or < 0.01 (for item threshold) (Chen, 2007; Chen et al, 2022a).…”