The motorcycle to passenger car ownership ratio and economic growth: A cross-country analysis

Law, Teik Hua; Hamid, Hussain; Goh, Chia Ning

doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.06.007

Cited by 49 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Motorcycles accounted for 95% of newly registered vehicles, and almost 9,000 new motorcycles are on the road every day (Pervin et al 2009). Although we did not find any specific measurement in a motorcycle-to-car ownership ratio, the literature shows that in less advanced economic countries, including Vietnam, with emerging economies, the motorcycle-to-car ownership ratio shows an initial increase when there is an increase in income of the population (Law et al 2015). Thus, for RTIs, hospital admission related to motorcycles would be consistently dominant and slightly increase compared to the pre-law period.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Changes in motorcycle-related injuries and deaths after mandatory motorcycle helmet law in a district of Vietnam

Ha¹,

Ederer

Vo³

et al. 2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Changes in motorcycle-related injuries and deaths after mandatory motorcycle helmet law in a district of Vietnam

Ha¹,

Ederer

Vo³

et al. 2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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“…This ratio declines later on when the GNI increases more. Cars will be preferred at this stage because they are safer and more comfortable [ 6 , 21 , 28 – 30 ]. The increased GNI is also related to the effective implementation of road safety regulations (including helmet law), and improvement in medical care [ 28 , 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) use 88% of these wheelers of which 75% are in Southeast Asia [ 3 ]. There is a rapid increase in the use of motorized 2–3 wheelers worldwide because of their availability, flexibility, and affordability with the highest growth rate is in Southeast Asia (39%) [ 3 – 6 ]. Riding a motorized 2–3 wheeler is very risky because of the high speed and the exposed bodies of the driver and passenger.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motorized 2–3 wheelers death rates over a decade: a global study

2022

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Background Motorized 2–3-wheelers-related death is high due to the exposed body of the driver/passenger and the high speed. The United Nation (UN) Decade of Action for road safety aimed to reduce road traffic deaths by 50% by the year 2020. We aimed to study the factors affecting the death rates of motorized 2–3 wheelers injured victims and whether the reduction in the death rates has met the UN target. Methods Data were retrieved from the WHO Global Status Reports on Road Safety published over 2009 to 2018 which covered the years of 2007 to 2016. Studied variables included motorized 2–3 wheelers death rates, percentage of helmet-wearing rate, helmet law enforcement, speed law enforcement, gross national income per capita, vehicles/person ratio, and motorized 2–3 wheelers/person ratio. A mixed linear model was used to define factors affecting the change of motorized 2–3 wheelers death rates over time. Results The global mean motorized 2–3 wheelers death rates increased from 2.37/100,000 population to 3.23/100,000 population over the studied decade (a relative ratio of 1.36) which was not statistically significant. Factors that affected mortality included GNI (p = 0.025), motorized 2–3 wheelers per person ratio (p < 0.0001), percentage of helmet wearing rate (p = 0.046), and the interaction between vehicle/person ratio and motorized 2–3 wheelers/person ratio (p = 0.016). There was a significant increase in the death rates over time in the low-income countries (a relative ratio of 2.52, p = 0.019, Friedman test), and middle-income countries (a relative ratio of 1.46, p < 0.0001, Friedman test), compared with a significant decrease in the high-income countries (a relative ratio of 0.72, p < 0.0001, Friedman test). Conclusions Global mortality of motorized 2–3 wheelers has increased by a relative ratio of 1.36 over a recent decade. The UN target of reducing death was not met. The increase was related to the increase in motorized 2–3 wheelers per person ratio and economic inequity which has to be addressed globally. The economic global gap significantly impacts the mortality rates of motorized 2–3 wheelers.

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“…Law et al [19] noted that, "there is always a time lag between economic growth and the motorcycle to passenger car ownership ratio". However, the substitution of motorcycle ownership to car ownership has been found to be statistically insignificant.…”

Section: Powered Two-wheeler Aberrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the behavior pattern, carbon reduction effect and business costs of electric motorcycles on island

Fang¹

2018

Preprint

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Global warming and climate change have led to extreme changes in climatic conditions in recent years. The Taiwan government designates the construction of the Kinmen County as low carbon islands, to promote the operation of 100 electric motorcycles and battery demonstration. This study combined with island tourism, after boarding the island, visitors can rent electric motorcycles from the passenger service center and coordinate with the island tour map to show the location of the battery exchange points, so as to facilitate the search. During the operation, the amount of electric motorcycle lease is 15,551 times, the total mileage of motor vehicle is 284,404 km, the number of battery exchange is 622 times, the lease income is about NT$900,000. To reduce carbon and economic benefits of the assessment, compared to the motorcycles (50 c.c), electric motorcycles (EM 100) can reduce the carbon emissions by 8,726 kg, reducing energy costs of NT$422,594.

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The motorcycle to passenger car ownership ratio and economic growth: A cross-country analysis

Cited by 49 publications

References 40 publications

Changes in motorcycle-related injuries and deaths after mandatory motorcycle helmet law in a district of Vietnam

Changes in motorcycle-related injuries and deaths after mandatory motorcycle helmet law in a district of Vietnam

Motorized 2–3 wheelers death rates over a decade: a global study

Study of the behavior pattern, carbon reduction effect and business costs of electric motorcycles on island

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