The Motor Cortex in Man in the Light of Hughlings Jackson's Doctrines

Foerster, O.

doi:10.1093/brain/59.2.135

Cited by 295 publications

(96 citation statements)

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“…Despite having to rely on patient reports, our data revealed 2 throat areas that correspond with prior stimulation and fMRI studies. 3,20 In addition to the ventral "swallow" area originally described by Foerster and Penfield, 6 we also observe a dorsal throat area, stimulation of which resulted in patients feeling unable to speak or breathe. By having patients perform both vocal 2, 3 The dorsolateral activation peak they report anterior/superior to the area for lip activation, appears to be the same dorsal throat area observed with stimulation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

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A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation

Breshears¹,

Molinaro

Chang

2015

JNS

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O ver 70 years ago, Penfield (1937) published his seminal work on the somatotopy of the human peri-rolandic cortex, fortifying the notion of the classic sensorimotor homunculus. Surprisingly, few additional investigations with direct electrocortical stimulation (ECS) have been undertaken to study the organization of the ventral half of the sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) in humans, where speech articulators and nearby language centers make this area unique. 1,4 Neuroanatomically, the vSMC is distinct from the dorsal sensorimotor cortex (dSMC). Its neurons project via the corticobulbar pathway to synapse in the brainstem motor nuclei, providing bilateral innervation to the muscles of the upper face, jaw, oropharynx, and vocal tract through cranial nerves (CNs) . diSclOSure Dr. Chang was funded by US National Institutes of Health grants R01-DC012379, R00-NS065120, and DP2-OD00862 and the Ester A. and Joseph Klingenstein Foundation. The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation OBJect The human ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) is involved in facial expression, mastication, and swallowing, as well as the dynamic and highly coordinated movements of human speech production. However, vSMC organization remains poorly understood, and previously published population-driven maps of its somatotopy do not accurately reflect the variability across individuals in a quantitative, probabilistic fashion. The goal of this study was to describe the responses to electrical stimulation of the vSMC, generate probabilistic maps of function in the vSMC, and quantify the variability across individuals. methOdS Photographic, video, and stereotactic MRI data of intraoperative electrical stimulation of the vSMC were collected for 33 patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Stimulation sites were converted to a 2D coordinate system based on anatomical landmarks. Motor, sensory, and speech stimulation responses were reviewed and classified. Probabilistic maps of stimulation responses were generated, and spatial variance was quantified. reSultS In 33 patients, the authors identified 194 motor, 212 sensory, 61 speech-arrest, and 27 mixed responses. Responses were complex, stereotyped, and mostly nonphysiological movements, involving hand, orofacial, and laryngeal musculature. Within individuals, the presence of oral movement representations varied; however, the dorsal-ventral order was always preserved. The most robust motor responses were jaw (probability 0.85), tongue (0.64), lips (0.58), and throat (0.52). Vocalizations were seen in 6 patients (0.18), more dorsally near lip and dorsal throat areas. Sensory responses were spatially dispersed; however, patients' subjective reports were highly precise in localization within the mouth. The most robust responses included tongue (0.82) and lips (0.42). The probability of speech arrest was 0.85, highest 15-20 mm anterior to t...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Before Penfield's work, initial inferences about the existence and organization of a motor area were made by Hughlings Jackson based on behavioral observations of seizure propagation in epilepsy patients. 6 Hitzig and Ferrier were the first to confirm these inferences in animals using galvanic current.…”

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confidence: 94%

A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation

Breshears¹,

Molinaro

Chang

2015

JNS

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“…Fig. 6B shows the parcellation of portions of the human frontal cortex using the terminology of Foerster (1936) and Vogt and Vogt (1926) (see also Bruce, 1988). The homologies (F7,8,45) < (6aa,8), (F2,F4) < (6ab,Inf.6), and F5 < (44,45) are hypothesized on the basis of cytoarchitectonics and electrical stimulation (see Preuss, Stepniewska, & Kaas, 1996) plus sulcal embryology (Ono, Kubik, & Abernathey, 1990).…”

Section: A First Pass On Broca's Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Language evolution: neural homologies and neuroinformatics☆

Arbib

Bota

2003

Neural Networks

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“…These proposed organizations include versions of a somatotopic map (see Fig. 1 A-C) (Foerster, 1936;Woolsey et al, 1952;Kwan et al, 1978;Park et al, 2001) and divisions of the precentral gyrus into primary motor cortex and several sectors of caudal and rostral premotor cortex (see Fig. 1 D-F ) (Campbell, 1905;Matelli et al, 1985;Preuss et al, 1996;Strick, 2001, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Origins of the Complex Topographic Organization of Motor Cortex: Reduction of a Multidimensional Space onto a Two-Dimensional Array

Aflalo

Graziano

2006

Journal of Neuroscience

111

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We propose that some of the features of the topographic organization in motor cortex emerge from a competition among several conflicting mapping requisites. These competing requisites include a somatotopic map of the body, a map of hand location in space, and a partitioning of cortex into regions that emphasize different complex, ethologically relevant movements. No one type of map fully explains the topography; instead, all three influences (and perhaps others untested here) interact to form the topography. A standard algorithm (Kohonen network) was used to generate an artificial motor cortex array that optimized local continuity for these conflicting mapping requisites. The resultant hybrid map contained many features seen in actual motor cortex, including the following: a rough, overlapping somatotopy; a posterior strip in which simpler movements were represented and more somatotopic segregation was observed, and an anterior strip in which more complex, multisegmental movements were represented and the somatotopy was less segregated; a clustering of different complex, multisegmental movements into specific subregions of cortex that resembled the arrangement of subregions found in the monkey; three hand representations arranged on the cortex in a manner similar to the primary motor, dorsal premotor, and ventral premotor hand areas in the monkey; and maps of hand location that approximately matched the maps observed in the monkey.

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The Motor Cortex in Man in the Light of Hughlings Jackson's Doctrines

Cited by 295 publications

References 0 publications

A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation

A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation

Language evolution: neural homologies and neuroinformatics☆

Possible Origins of the Complex Topographic Organization of Motor Cortex: Reduction of a Multidimensional Space onto a Two-Dimensional Array

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