The Mostly Male Theory of Flower Evolutionary Origins: From Genes to Fossils

Frohlich, Michael W.; Parker, David S.

doi:10.2307/2666635

Cited by 258 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The functions of FLO/LFY genes are also probably conserved in gymnosperms, including Pinus (Mouradov et al, 1998) and Gnetum (Shindo et al, 2001). Although FLO/LFY homologs have been cloned from several ferns and bryophytes (Frohlich and Parker, 2000;Himi et al, 2001), their functions in these plants have not been characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversification of gene function: homologs of the floral regulatorFLO/LFYcontrol the first zygotic cell division in the mossPhyscomitrella patens

et al. 2005

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After fertilization, the zygote undergoes dynamic changes in chromosomal and cytoplasmic organization, and begins the cell cycles that eventually lead to formation of the multicellular embryo. Specific transcription factors that initiate this cascade of events in land plants have not been identified. We have identified two FLO/LFY genes, PpLFY1 and PpLFY2, that regulate the first cell division after formation of the zygote in the moss Physcomitrella patens. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two PpLFY genes are 94.8% identical to each other and show similar expression patterns. While fertilization occurred in the PpLFY disruptants, the development of double disruptant zygotes was arrested at the single-cell stage. When the double disruptants, as the female parent, were crossed with the wild type, as the male parent, normal sporophytes were formed, supporting the notion that the PpLFY genes function after fertilization to regulate the first mitotic cell division in zygotes. The rare sporophytes that formed on the PpLFY double disruptants showed mostly normal organogenesis, but had abnormalities in the pattern of cell division, supporting a role of PpLFY genes in regulating cell division. The FLO/LFY genes in angiosperms are conserved master regulators of floral identity without any obvious effects on cell division. By contrast, our study suggests that FLO/LFY genes have functions throughout sporophyte development in the basal land plant lineages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversification of gene function: homologs of the floral regulatorFLO/LFYcontrol the first zygotic cell division in the mossPhyscomitrella patens

et al. 2005

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“…Some other names have been used to 23 designate the orthologues of LEAFY in plants, such as NFL in Nicotiana tabacum (Kelly 24 et al, 1995), Imp-flo in Impatiens (Pouteau et al, 1997), and alf in Petunia (Souer et al,25 1998). More than one copy has been reported for the LEAFY orthologs in the 26 gymnosperms, and some basal or polyploid angiosperms (Bomblies et al, 2003;Cronk, 27 2001; Frohlich and Meyerowitz, 1997;Frohlich and Parker, 2000;Theissen, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of Nolana (Solanaceae) of the Atacama and Peruvian deserts inferred from sequences of four plastid markers and the nuclear LEAFY second intron

Dillon

Sun

et al. 2008

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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“…In sharp contrast, duplicates of FLO in Lamiales are the first angiosperm paralogs reported outside of tetraploid taxa (e.g., Zea mays [Bomblies et al 2003]) or recent duplications within Brassicaceae (Baum et al 2005), despite surveys for copy number across angiosperms (e.g., Frohlich and Parker 2000). Thus, FLO and DEF paralogs in Lamiales represent an as yet novel example of the joint retention of duplicates of these floral regulatory genes.…”

Section: Pattern Of Duplication For Flo and Defmentioning

confidence: 93%

Relaxed Selection Among Duplicate Floral Regulatory Genes in Lamiales

2006

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Abstract. Polyploidization is a prevalent mode of genome diversification within plants. Most gene duplicates arising from polyploidization (paralogs) are typically lost, although a subset may be maintained under selection due to dosage, partitioning of gene function, or acquisition of novel functions. Because they experience selection in the presence of other duplicate loci across the genome, interactions among genes may also play a significant role in the maintenance of paralogs resulting from polyploidization. Previously, we identified duplicates of the genes LFY/FLO and AP3/DEF that directly interact in a floral regulatory pathway and are thought to be the result of ancient polyploidization in the Lamiales (> 50 mya). Although duplicates of MADS box genes including AP3/DEF are common throughout the angiosperm lineage, LFY/FLO duplicates in Lamiales are the first reported outside of tetraploid taxa. In order to explore hypotheses for the joint preservation of these interacting floral regulatory genes including novel LFY/FLO paralogs, here we clone FLO and DEF duplicates from additional Lamiales taxa and apply codon substitution models to test how selection acts on both genes following duplication. We find acceleration in the ratio of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous nucleotide substitutions for one (FLO) or both (DEF) paralogs that appears to be due to relaxed purifying selection as opposed to positive selection and shows a different pattern among functional domains of these genes. Several mechanisms are discussed that might be responsible for preservation of co-orthologs of FLO and DEF in Lamiales, including interactions among the genes of this regulatory pathway.

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The Mostly Male Theory of Flower Evolutionary Origins: From Genes to Fossils

Cited by 258 publications

References 69 publications

Diversification of gene function: homologs of the floral regulatorFLO/LFYcontrol the first zygotic cell division in the mossPhyscomitrella patens

Diversification of gene function: homologs of the floral regulatorFLO/LFYcontrol the first zygotic cell division in the mossPhyscomitrella patens

Phylogeny of Nolana (Solanaceae) of the Atacama and Peruvian deserts inferred from sequences of four plastid markers and the nuclear LEAFY second intron

Relaxed Selection Among Duplicate Floral Regulatory Genes in Lamiales

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