The mortality of lung cancer attributable to smoking among adults in China and the United States during 1990–2017

Liu, Xiaoxue; Yan, Yu; Wang, Minsheng; Mubarik, Sumaira; Wang, Fang; Wang, Yafeng; Meng, Runtang; Yu, Chuanhua

doi:10.1002/cac2.12099

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Our study findings showed that this increasing trend is projected to continue over the next decade. Smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer [10, 20, 21], contributing to approximately 75% of lung cancer‐related deaths in men and about 37% of lung cancer‐related deaths in women worldwide [20]. In the prediction period of the present study, approximately 40%–48% of lung cancer‐related deaths would be attributable to the current smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Predictions of mortality related to four major cancers in China, 2020 to 2030

Shen

et al. 2021

Cancer Communications

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Background Cancer has become a global health problem, and assessments of cancer mortality are important for effective public health policy‐making and adequate resource allocation. In this study, we aimed to predict the mortality rates and numbers of deaths related to four common cancers (lung, liver, stomach, and esophagus) in China from 2020 to 2030 and to estimate the corresponding cancer burden caused by population aging and tobacco smoking. Methods Cancer mortality data (2004–2017) were extracted from China's death surveillance datasets, and China's population figures (2020–2030) were obtained from the United Nations population projections. Smoking prevalence data were retrieved from a World Health Organization global report, and relative risks of smoking and cancers were derived from large‐scale Asian studies. We predicted the deaths related to the four major cancers and age‐standardized mortality rates using joinpoint regression and linear regression models. The tobacco smoking‐related burden of these four major cancers was estimated using the population attributable fraction. Results Unlike lung cancer mortality which was predicted to continue to increase, the age‐standardized mortality rates for digestive cancers (liver, stomach, and esophageal cancers) are predicted to decline over the next decade. The number of deaths caused by the four major cancers is predicted to increase from 1,490,304 in 2020 to 1,823,960 in 2030. The age‐specific mortality rates of the four major cancers are predicted to increase with age after 40–45 years, peaking in the age groups of 80–84 and ≥85 years. In 2030, the combined number of deaths from the four examined cancers among adults aged ≥65 years is predicted to be 1,167,153, accounting for 64% of all deaths from these cancers. Tobacco smoking is predicted to contribute to nearly 29% of deaths from these cancers, corresponding to 527,577 deaths. Conclusions The overall trend in the combined total mortality from four major cancers is predicted to decline over the next decade; however, the corresponding death toll is expected to surge, in the context of China's population aging and high smoking prevalence. These estimates provide data‐driven evidence for China to implement effective cancer control measures in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Predictions of mortality related to four major cancers in China, 2020 to 2030

Shen

et al. 2021

Cancer Communications

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“…According to the findings of the China adult tobacco survey (available from http://www.chinacdc.cn/yw_9324/201905/t20190530_202932.html ), the proportion of smokers in 2018 was 26.6% overall, and 50.5% for males over 15-years-old. Moreover, the mortality of lung cancer attributable to smoking in China during 1990–2017 showed an increasing trend [ 16 ]. The situation also remains serious for alcohol abuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current status of premature mortality from four non-communicable diseases and progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4: a population-based study in northeast China, 2004–2017

Liu

Song

et al. 2021

BMC Public Health

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Background and aim According to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4, premature mortality from four non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus, collectively referred to as NCD4) should achieve a minimum decline of 33% in 2030 relative to 2015. This remains a challenge for China. This study aimed to evaluate the current status and progress towards this target in Liaoning Province, one of the three provinces in northeast China. Methods We calculated the premature mortality rates (PMRs) per year and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) from NCD4 using mortality data between 2004 and 2017. The trend was analyzed in the whole population, as well as in subpopulations of gender (male/female) and inhabiting area (urban/rural). PMRs from NCD4 for 2030 were projected by fitting a linear regression based on the current trend, which was identified by a Joinpoint model. Findings In the whole population, only chronic respiratory diseases showed a significant decline (AAPC: − 6.5%, p < 0.05), while only cancer showed a significant increase (AAPC: + 1.3%, p < 0.05); taken together, NCD4 showed a significant increase (AAPC: + 0.6%, p < 0.05). In the subpopulations, while males showed a significant increase in NCD4 (AAPC: + 1.5%, p < 0.05), cardiovascular diseases (AAPC: + 1.7%, p < 0.05), cancer (AAPC: + 1.8%, p < 0.05), and diabetes mellitus (AAPC: + 4.2%, p < 0.05), females showed a significant decline in NCD4 (AAPC: − 1.2%, p < 0.05), cardiovascular diseases (AAPC: − 1.8%, p < 0.05), diabetes mellitus (AAPC: − 2.1%, p < 0.05), but showed a mild increase in cancer (AAPC: + 0.5%, p > 0.05). A comparative analysis of the projected PMRs for 2030 with the 2015 levels revealed that only chronic respiratory diseases are expected to achieve the SDG target 3.4, apart from in the urban male subpopulation. Conclusion Except for chronic respiratory diseases, NCD4 cannot be expected to achieve the SDG target 3.4 in the whole population of Liaoning Province. Under these circumstances, special attention should be paid to reducing the risks of cancer and providing preventative interventions for men.

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“…Assessing drug sensitivity and resistance in a neoadjuvant setting would provide useful evidence for improving treatment regimens following surgery and would benefit patients by identifying the most sensitive treatment for recurrent disease. The effectiveness of neoadjuvant treatment should be evaluated by PET/CT over time to identify unsuspected metastases and comorbidities, and to achieve smoking withdrawal [60]. Neoadjuvant treatment may shorten the length of clinical trials and accelerate the use of pCR or MPR as surrogate predictors of OS.…”

Section: Advantages and Disadvantages Of Immunotherapy As A Neoadjuvamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non–small cell lung cancer: State of the art

Kang

Zhang

Zhong

2021

Cancer Communications

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Lung cancer mortality has decreased over the past decade and can be partly attributed to advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have rapidly evolved from investigational drugs to standard of care for the treatment of metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In particular, antibodies that block inhibitory immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1), have revolutionized the treatment of advanced NSCLC, when administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Immunotherapy is associated with higher response rates, improved overall survival (OS), and increased tolerability compared with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. These benefits may increase the utility of immunotherapy and its combinational use with chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant treatment of patients with NSCLC. Early findings from various ongoing clinical trials suggest that neoadjuvant ICIs alone or combined with chemotherapy may significantly reduce systemic recurrence and improve long‐term OS or cure rates in resectable NSCLC. Here we further summarize the safety and efficacy of various neoadjuvant treatment regimens including immunotherapy from ongoing clinical trials and elaborate the role of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with resectable NSCLC. In addition, we discuss several unresolved challenges, including the evaluations to assess neoadjuvant immunotherapy response, the role of adjuvant treatment after neoadjuvant immunotherapy, the efficacy of treatment for oncogenic‐addicted tumors, and predictive biomarkers. We also provide our perspective on ways to overcome current obstacles and establish neoadjuvant immunotherapy as a standard of care.

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The mortality of lung cancer attributable to smoking among adults in China and the United States during 1990–2017

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Predictions of mortality related to four major cancers in China, 2020 to 2030

Predictions of mortality related to four major cancers in China, 2020 to 2030

Current status of premature mortality from four non-communicable diseases and progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4: a population-based study in northeast China, 2004–2017

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non–small cell lung cancer: State of the art

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