The morphology of storms in the F2 layer of the ionosphere I. Some statistical relationships

Appleton, E.V.; Piggott, W. R.

doi:10.1016/0021-9169(52)90034-2

Cited by 55 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…at a maximum from 6 to 10h L.M.T., the maximum summer departure occurring at 8h, in agreement with the findings of Appleton and Piggott (1952), and for equinox at 9h. These times coincide with the maximum of occurrence of the storm G condition for these seasons where the F2 region has been completely lost through attachment processes and spectacular examples of infinite foFl occur.…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

An analysis of estimated values of maximum usable frequency throughout a sunspot cycle and associated electron density trends, at Christchurch, New Zealand

Bullen

1961

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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A method of deriving tables of sunspot cycle changes in hourly values of maximum usable frequencies from basic vertical sounding ionosphere data is described, and the technique developed for construction of virtual height curves, representative of median conditions, for a rapid computation of M factors for distances shorter than the standard 3000 kilometres is outlined.Some of the factors affecting accuracy of tables are critically examined. The linear relationship assumed between increase in foF2 and increase in running average sunspot number is observed to degenerate markedly as the high sunspot numbers of the 1957-58 maximum are reached. As this effect is particularly significant during daylight hours, ion density changes at noon L.M.T. are investigated and associated trends in true heights are also considered in an endeavour to determine possible causes of ion density loss. The evidence points to a temperature effect.Seasonal variation in noon maxima of foF2 throughout the sunspot cycle examined is found to oscillate from summer maxima at ~unspot minimum through a period of equinoctial maxima with the rising cycle to winter maxima (the winter anomaly expected at temperate latitudes) near sunspot maximum. Approximations to ion densities and true heights for different seasons at these varying stages of the cycle are examined and reference made to the possible contribution of physical processes such as mixing of atmospheric gases and changes in temperature.Ratios of disturbance to calm day ion densities, examined seasonally and at different stages of the sunspot cycle, show pronounced seasonal and sunspot cycle variations and reveal large equinoctial and summer daytime departures. It is suggested that these are due to atmospheric mixing of gases resulting in ion density loss through an attachment-like process. The significance of increased F-layer stratification during disturbance is discussed.

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confidence: 80%

An analysis of estimated values of maximum usable frequency throughout a sunspot cycle and associated electron density trends, at Christchurch, New Zealand

Bullen

1961

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…The average patterns of F2-layer storm behaviour were established by APPLETON and PIGGOTT (1952), MARTYN (1953), MATSUSHITA (1959) and others. The main features (see Fig.…”

Section: The Composition Change Theory Of F-region Stormsmentioning

confidence: 91%

F-Region Storms and Thermospheric Dynamics

Rishbeth¹

1991

J. geomagn. geoelec

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This paper reviews the composition change theory of ionospheric F2-layer storms. Recent theoretical modelling confirms that changes of the thermospheric atomic/molecular concentration ratio, resulting from energy inputs at high latitudes, are the probable cause of "negative storm effects" (electron density depletions) at mid-latitudes, and may account for "positive storm effects" (electron density increases) in the winter hemisphere. Some outstanding problems are briefly summarized.

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“…Later such analyses have been extended using ionosonde data of different stations (Appleton and Piggott, 1952;Matsushita, 1959). Field and Rishbeth (1997) used for their statistical analyses data of 53 stations and AraujoPradere et al (2002) included even data of 75 ionosonde stations for the development of their empirical storm-time correction model STORM which is now available in the international-recommended standard IRI2000 (Bilitza, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Derivation and test of ionospheric activity indices from real-time ionosonde observations in the European region

Bremer

Cander

Mielich

et al. 2006

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

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The morphology of storms in the F2 layer of the ionosphere I. Some statistical relationships

Cited by 55 publications

References 3 publications

An analysis of estimated values of maximum usable frequency throughout a sunspot cycle and associated electron density trends, at Christchurch, New Zealand

An analysis of estimated values of maximum usable frequency throughout a sunspot cycle and associated electron density trends, at Christchurch, New Zealand

F-Region Storms and Thermospheric Dynamics

Derivation and test of ionospheric activity indices from real-time ionosonde observations in the European region

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