The Morphological Diversity of Plant Organs: Manipulating the Organization of Microtubules May Do the Trick

Bao, Zhiru; Xu, Zhijing; Zang, Jingze; Bürstenbinder, Katharina; Wang, Pengwei

doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.649626

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent findings suggest that microtubules are important regulators of fruit morphogenesis (Bao et al, 2021;Lazzaro et al, 2018). Several key protein families, such as SUN, OFP (OVATE Family Protein), TRM (TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif) and KTN1 (katanin), have been implicated in the regulation of fruit shape/ and size in plants (Guo et al, 2020;Snouffer et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2021). In tomato, OFPs regulate cell division patterns during fruit development by interacting with TRM proteins (Wu et al, 2018), which are essential for the recruitment of TTP (TON1-TRM-PP2A) complex to microtubules and the assembly of the preprophase band (PPB) during cell division (Schaefer et al, 2017;Spinner et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The microtubule-associated protein SlMAP70 interacts with SlIQD21 and regulates fruit shape formation in tomato

Bao

Guo

Deng

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The shape of tomato fruits is closely correlated to microtubule organization and the activity of microtubule associated proteins (MAP), but insights into the mechanism from a cell biology perspective are still largely elusive. Analysis of tissue expression profiles of different microtubule regulators revealed that functionally distinct classes of MAPs are highly expressed during fruit development. Among these, several members of the plant-specific MAP70 family are preferably expressed at the initiation stage of fruit development. Transgenic tomato lines overexpressing SlMAP70 produced elongated fruits that show reduced cell circularity and microtubule anisotropy, while SlMAP70 loss-of-function mutant showed an opposite effect with flatter fruits. Microtubule anisotropy of fruit endodermis cells exhibited dramatic rearrangement during tomato fruit development, and SlMAP70-1 is likely implicated in cortical microtubule organization and fruit elongation throughout this stage by interacting with SUN10/SlIQD21a. The expression of SlMAP70 (or co-expression of SlMAP70 and SUN10/SlIQD21a) induces microtubule stabilization and prevents its dynamic rearrangement, both activities are essential for fruit shape establishment after anthesis. Together, our results identify SlMAP70 as a novel regulator of fruit elongation, and demonstrate that manipulating microtubule stability and organization at the early fruit developmental stage has a strong impact on fruit shape.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microtubule-associated protein SlMAP70 interacts with SlIQD21 and regulates fruit shape formation in tomato

Bao

Guo

Deng

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…IQD family proteins from the cotton Gossypium hirsutum (GhIQD31 and GhIQD32) were found to induce drought and salt stress tolerance ( Yang et al, 2019 ). A continuous body of work from the recent years has pointed to a general role for IQD proteins as microtubule-binding proteins that recruit calmodulin to subcellular compartments so as to coordinate plant development and cell shape formation ( Bürstenbinder et al, 2013 , 2017 ; Guo et al, 2020 ; Bao et al, 2021 ). Previous studies also identified the kinesin light chain-related protein-1 (KLCR1) as an IQD1 interactor in A. thaliana and demonstrated the association of IQD1 with microtubules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IQD1 Involvement in Hormonal Signaling and General Defense Responses Against Botrytis cinerea

Barda

Levy

2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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IQ Domain 1 (IQD1) is a novel Arabidopsis thaliana calmodulin-binding protein, which was found to be a positive regulator of glucosinolate (GS) accumulation and plant defense responses against insects. We demonstrate here that the IQD1 overexpressing line (IQD1OXP) was also more resistant also to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, whereas an IQD1 knockout line (iqd1-1) was much more sensitive. Furthermore, we showed that IQD1 is up-regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and downregulated by salicylic acid (SA). A comparison of whole transcriptome expression between iqd1-1 and wild type plants revealed a substantial downregulation of genes involved in plant defense and hormone regulation. Further examination revealed a marked reduction of SA and increases in the levels of ethylene, JA and abscisic acid response genes in the iqd1-1 line. Moreover, quantification of SA, JA, and abscisic acids in IQD1OXP and iqd1-1 lines relative to the wild type, showed a significant reduction in endogenous JA levels in the knockout line, simultaneously with increased SA levels. Relations between IQD1OXP and mutants defective in plant-hormone response indicated that IQD1 cannot rescue the absence of NPR1 or impaired SA accumulation in the NahG line. IQD1 cannot rescue ein2 or eto1 mutations connected to the ethylene pathway involved in both defense responses against B. cinerea and in regulating GS accumulation. Furthermore, IQD1cannot rescue the aos, coi1 or jar1mutations, all involved in the defense response against B. cinerea and it depends on JAR1 to control indole glucosinolate accumulation. We also found that in the B. cinerea, which infected the iqd1-1 mutant, the most abundant upregulated group of proteins is involved in the degradation of complex carbohydrates, as correlated with the sensitivity of this mutant. In summary, our results suggest that IQD1 is an important A. thaliana defensive protein against B. cinerea that is integrated into several important pathways, such as those involved in plant defense and hormone responses.

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“…Alternatively, rather than physically blocking all membrane-bound proteins, IQD13 might influence the ROP pattern by selectively interacting with active ROP or associated proteins or lipids in ROP nanodomains. IQD13 is part of a large family of IQD proteins, which are emerging as important players in microtubule organisation with an ability to respond to calcium signalling through a calmodulin-binding domain [261,262,293,294]. These ongoing efforts to characterise the functions of IQDs are likely to yield new insights into their regulation and interactions with active and inactive ROPs.…”

Section: Selectivity Of Microtubule-based Diffusion Barriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As there are many IQDs with the ability to bind microtubules and the membrane [260], it is possible that more of them function in a similar way in other cell types. The ongoing efforts to unravel the functions of IQD proteins [294,303], may well yield further insights into their effect on CHAPTER 6 microtubule flexibility and regulation by calcium and other factors in the future.…”

Section: Microtubule Persistence Lengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring mechanisms of xylem cell wall patterning with dynamic models

Jacobs

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Contents 1 General introduction 1.1 Xylem cell wall patterning 1.2 Pattern formation mechanisms 1.2.1 Reaction-diffusion mechanisms 1.2.2 Not every pattern is a Turing pattern 1.3 Small GTPases 1.3.1 Small GTPases in reaction-diffusion systems 1.3.2 Mass conservation 1.4 Microtubules 1.4.1 Microtubule properties 1.4.2 Microtubules and cell wall structure 1.4.3 Microtubule self-organisation 1.5 ROPs and microtubules in xylem patterning 1.6 Aim and thesis outline 3.7.3 Effect of alternative anisotropic diffusion scenarios 3.7.4 Diffusion tensor rotation 3.7.5 Preferred spiral angles 3.7.6 Diffusion term decomposition 3.7.7 Parameters of models with ROP-dependent ROP diffusion 4 The role of nucleation complexes in cortical microtubule array homogeneity and patterning 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Results 4.2.1 A simplified model of transversely oriented microtubules reproduces the inhomogeneity problem 4.2.2 Tubulin diffusion is too fast for sufficient local variation in microtubule growth velocities 4.2.3 Nucleation complexes are preferentially inserted at microtubules 4.2.4 Local limitation of nucleation complexes can solve the inhomogeneity problem 4.3 Discussion 4.4 Methods 4.4.1 Simulation setup 4.4.2 Core microtubule dynamics 4.4.3 Protoxylem band and gap regions 4.4.4 Basic nucleation modes 4.4.5 Tubulin dynamics 4.4.6 Nucleation complexes 4.4.7 Model parameters 4.4.8 Measures of heterogeneity 4.4.9 Experimental measurements 4.5 Supplementary figures 4.6 Supplementary tables 4.7 Appendices 4.7.1 Steady state densities for non-interacting microtubules 4.7.2 Calculating maximal total microtubule length and initial growth speed 4.7.3 Estimation of nucleation complex parameters 5 Protoxylem microtubule patterning requires ROP pattern co-alignment, realistic microtubule-based nucleation, and sufficient microtubule flexibility 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Results 5.2.1 Model outline 5.2.2 Strong co-alignment of the microtubule array with a pre-existing band pattern facilitates rapid microtubule band formation 5.2.3 Microtubule flexibility can lead to density loss from bands 5.2.4 Locally saturating nucleation helps to keep bands populated with semiflexible microtubules, even for misaligned starting arrays viii CONTENTS 5.2.5 Array patterning must be robust against large variations in observed microtubule dynamics 5.2.6 Band-gap separation factors outside the measured parameter differences 5.3 Discussion 5.4 Methods 5.4.1 Simulation setup 5.4.2 Nucleation modes 5.4.3 Expected mismatch angles 5.4.4 Semiflexible microtubules 5.4.5 Cell data simulations 5.4.6 Summary statistics 5.5 Supplementary figures 5.6 Appendices 5.6.1 Parameters for locally saturating nucleation 5.6.2 Persistence length calculations 6 General discussion 6.1 Insights into mechanisms of xylem patterning 6.1.1 A ROP-based Turing pattern as the basis of xylem patterning 6.1.2 Protoxylem ROP pattern orientation 6.1.3 Coexistence in ROP and microtubule patterns 6.1.4 ROP-microtubule interplay 6.2 Insights into non-xylem membrane patterning 6.2.1 Coexistence in non-xyle...

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The Morphological Diversity of Plant Organs: Manipulating the Organization of Microtubules May Do the Trick

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

The microtubule-associated protein SlMAP70 interacts with SlIQD21 and regulates fruit shape formation in tomato

The microtubule-associated protein SlMAP70 interacts with SlIQD21 and regulates fruit shape formation in tomato

IQD1 Involvement in Hormonal Signaling and General Defense Responses Against Botrytis cinerea

Exploring mechanisms of xylem cell wall patterning with dynamic models

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