Abstract:Morality has two key features: (1) moral judgments are not solely determined by what your group thinks, and (2) moral judgments are often applied to members of other groups as well as your own group. Cooperative motives do not explain how young children reject unfairness, and assert moral obligations, both inside and outside their groups. Resistance and experience with conflicts, alongside cooperation, is key to the emergence and development of moral obligation.
“…A well-intentioned effort to help another person might strengthen cooperation in one context, whereas an identical initiative might be rebuffed as a bothersome act of interference in another context (Oakley et al, 2011). Protests against social injustice can promote peaceful coexistence in some circumstances but increase societal conflict in other circumstances (Killen, 2016;Killen & Dahl, 2020). And who would know, prior to years of systematic research, whether a constitutional right to smoke weed or own a gun would be beneficial or detrimental to "peaceful coexistence"?…”
Section: (B) the Functionalist Approach: Capturing Morality By Its So...mentioning
All psychological research on morality relies on definitions of morality. Yet the various definitions often go unstated. When unstated definitions diverge, theoretical disagreements become intractable, as theories that purport to explain "morality" actually talk about very different things. This article argues for the importance of defining morality and considers four common ways of doing so: The linguistic, the functionalist, the evaluating, and the normative.Each has encountered difficulties. To surmount those difficulties, I propose a technical, psychological, empirical, and distinctive definition of morality: obligatory concerns with others' welfare, rights, fairness, and justice, as well as the reasoning, judgment, emotions, and actions that spring from those concerns. By articulating workable definitions of morality, psychologists can communicate more clearly across paradigms, separate definitional from empirical disagreements, and jointly advance the field of moral psychology.
“…A well-intentioned effort to help another person might strengthen cooperation in one context, whereas an identical initiative might be rebuffed as a bothersome act of interference in another context (Oakley et al, 2011). Protests against social injustice can promote peaceful coexistence in some circumstances but increase societal conflict in other circumstances (Killen, 2016;Killen & Dahl, 2020). And who would know, prior to years of systematic research, whether a constitutional right to smoke weed or own a gun would be beneficial or detrimental to "peaceful coexistence"?…”
Section: (B) the Functionalist Approach: Capturing Morality By Its So...mentioning
All psychological research on morality relies on definitions of morality. Yet the various definitions often go unstated. When unstated definitions diverge, theoretical disagreements become intractable, as theories that purport to explain "morality" actually talk about very different things. This article argues for the importance of defining morality and considers four common ways of doing so: The linguistic, the functionalist, the evaluating, and the normative.Each has encountered difficulties. To surmount those difficulties, I propose a technical, psychological, empirical, and distinctive definition of morality: obligatory concerns with others' welfare, rights, fairness, and justice, as well as the reasoning, judgment, emotions, and actions that spring from those concerns. By articulating workable definitions of morality, psychologists can communicate more clearly across paradigms, separate definitional from empirical disagreements, and jointly advance the field of moral psychology.
All psychological research on morality relies on definitions of morality. Yet the various definitions often go unstated. When unstated definitions diverge, theoretical disagreements become intractable, as theories that purport to explain “morality” actually talk about very different things. This article argues for the importance of defining morality and considers four common ways of doing so: The linguistic, the functionalist, the evaluating, and the normative. Each has encountered difficulties. To surmount those difficulties, I propose a technical, psychological, empirical, and distinctive definition of morality: obligatory concerns with others’ welfare, rights, fairness, and justice, as well as the reasoning, judgment, emotions, and actions that spring from those concerns. By articulating workable definitions of morality, psychologists can communicate more clearly across paradigms, separate definitional from empirical disagreements, and jointly advance the field of moral psychology.
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