The Molecular Evolution of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses in Individuals with Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Kitamura, Koichi; Shimizu, Hiroyuki

doi:10.3390/v13071407

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…All these substitutions shared amino acid mutations in VP1‐143 (I→T). This site is a nonantigenic site surface residue and a known attenuation site, which is identified as the main attenuated determinant site of the Sabin 2 strain 34 . A type 2 VDPV in 2010 showed a VP1‐99 mutation (K→Q), which is a non‐synonymous mutation encoding antigenic site 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic changes in polioviruses identified by environmental surveillance in Guangzhou, 2009–2021

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Polio cases can be missed by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case surveillance alone, emphasizing the importance of environmental surveillance (ES). In this study, to investigate the serotype distribution and epidemiological trends of poliovirus (PV), we characterized PV isolated from domestic sewage in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China from 2009 to 2021. A total of 624 sewage samples were collected from the Liede Sewage Treatment Plant, and the positive rates of PV and non-polio enteroviruses were 66.67% (416/624) and 78.37% (489/624), respectively. After sewage sample treatment, each sewage sample was inoculated in six replicate tubes of three cell lines, and 3370 viruses were isolated during the 13-year surveillance period. Among these, 1086 isolates were identified as PV, including type 1 PV (21.36%), type 2 PV (29.19%), and type 3 PV (49.48%). Based on VP1 sequences, 1057 strains were identified as Sabin-like, 21 strains were high-mutant vaccines, and eight strains were vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). The numbers and serotypes of PV isolates in sewage were influenced by the vaccine switch strategy. After type 2 OPV was removed from the trivalent oral PV (OPV) vaccine and a bivalent OPV (bOPV) was adopted in May 2016, the last type 2 PV strain was isolated from sewage, with no detection thereafter. Type 3 PV isolates increased significantly and became the dominant serotype. Before and after the second vaccine switch in January 2020, that is, from the first dose of IPV and second-fourth doses of bOPV to the first two doses of IPV and third-fourth doses of bOPV, there was also a statistical difference in PV positivity rates in sewage samples. Seven type 2 VDPVs and one type 3 VDPV were identified in sewage samples in 2009-2021, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that all VDPVs isolated from ES in Guangdong are newly discovered VDPVs, different from VDPV previously discovered in China, and were classified as ambiguous VDPV. It is noteworthy that no VDPV cases were reported in AFP case surveillance in the same period. In conclusion, continued PV ES

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic changes in polioviruses identified by environmental surveillance in Guangzhou, 2009–2021

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…In addition, recombination also occurs in the capsid‐coding region near the end of the VP1 coding region in certain PV strains 40,41 . In contrast, approximately all the reported recombination events involved in iVDPVs cases are only reportedly related to three OPV‐strain types 42–44 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40,41 In contrast, approximately all the reported recombination events involved in iVDPVs cases are only reportedly related to three OPV-strain types. [42][43][44] In fact, in both cVDPVs and iVDPVs, mutation and recombination potentially elicit the reversion of key attenuated determinants and changes in temperature-sensitive phenotypes 45,46 ; the Ningxia iVDPV strains are no exception. Whole-genome analysis of these iVDPV isolates revealed that multiple nucleotide substitutions and deduced amino-acid substitutions were found to randomly distribute across the genome as compared to the respective Sabin strains; moreover; we found that they were all Sabin 3/Sabin 1 recombinants, sharing a common junction site near the 3ʹ -end of the 2C coding region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evolution and antigenic drift of type 3 iVDPVs excreted from a patient with immunodeficiency in Ningxia, China

Fan

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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A 2.5‐year‐old pediatric patient with acute flaccid paralysis was diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency (PID) in Ningxia Province, China, in 2011. Twelve consecutive stool specimens were collected from the patient over a period of 10 months (18 February 2011 to 20 November 2011), and 12 immunodeficiency vaccine‐derived poliovirus (iVDPV) strains (CHN15017‐1 to CHN15017‐12) were subsequently isolated. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the plaque‐purified iVDPVs revealed 2%–3.5% VP1‐region differences from their parental Sabin 3 strain. Full‐length genome sequencing showed they were all Sabin 3/Sabin 1 recombinants, sharing a common 2C‐region crossover site, and the two key determinants of attenuation (U472C in the 5′ untranslated region and T2493C in the VP1 region) had reverted. Temperature‐sensitive experiments demonstrated that the first two iVDPV strains partially retained the temperature‐sensitive phenotype's nature, while the subsequent ten iVDPV strains distinctly lost it, possibly associated with increased neurovirulence. Nineteen amino‐acid substitutions were detected between 12 iVDPVs and the parental Sabin strain, of which only one (K1419R) was found on the subsequent 10 iVDPV isolates, suggesting this site's potential as a temperature‐sensitive determination site. A Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain phylogenetic analysis based on the P1 coding region yielded a mean iVDPV evolutionary rate of 1.02 × 10−2 total substitutions/site/year, and the initial oral‐polio‐vaccine dose was presumably administered around June 2009. Our findings provide valuable information regarding the genetic structure, high‐temperature growth sensitivity, and antigenic properties of iVDPVs following long‐term evolution in a single PID patient, thus augmenting the currently limited knowledge regarding the dynamic changes and evolutionary pathway of iVDPV populations with PID during long‐term global replication.

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“…However, cVDPV2 is most associated with cVDPV outbreaks. It is a widespread cVDPV and is responsible for most cases of AFP [ 89 ]. It has been shown that cVDPV strains are recombinant.…”

Section: Emergence Of Vaccine-derived Poliovirus Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fight against Poliovirus Is Not Over

et al. 2023

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Poliovirus (PV), the virus that causes both acute poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome, is classified within the Enterovirus C species, and there are three wild PV serotypes: WPV1, WPV2 and WPV3. The launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 eradicated two of the three serotypes of WPV (WPV2 and WPV3). However, the endemic transmission of WPV1 persists in Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2022. There are cases of paralytic polio due to the loss of viral attenuation in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), known as vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Between January 2021 and May 2023, a total of 2141 circulating VDPV (cVDPV) cases were reported in 36 countries worldwide. Because of this risk, inactivated poliovirus (IPV) is being used more widely, and attenuated PV2 has been removed from OPV formulations to obtain bivalent OPV (containing only types 1 and 3). In order to avoid the reversion of attenuated OPV strains, the new OPV, which is more stable due to genome-wide modifications, as well as sabin IPV and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, is being developed and offers promising solutions for eradicating WP1 and VDPV.

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The Molecular Evolution of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses in Individuals with Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Cited by 10 publications

References 66 publications

Dynamic changes in polioviruses identified by environmental surveillance in Guangzhou, 2009–2021

Dynamic changes in polioviruses identified by environmental surveillance in Guangzhou, 2009–2021

Molecular evolution and antigenic drift of type 3 iVDPVs excreted from a patient with immunodeficiency in Ningxia, China

The Fight against Poliovirus Is Not Over

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