The molecular evolution of trypanosomatidae

Stevens, Jamie R.; Noyes, Harry; Schofield, Christopher J.; Gibson, Wendy

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(01)48003-1

Cited by 207 publications

(211 citation statements)

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“…E-mail: j.r.stevens@ex.ac.uk 2000) and even in those parasites of medical importance, it is little more than a decade since the widespread introduction of DNA sequencing technologies has allowed the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids (and kinetoplastids in general) to be evaluated by formal phylogenetic analysis (Fernandes et al, 1993;Alvarez et al, 1996;Maslov et al, 1996;Lukes et al, 1997;Haag et al, 1998;Hannaert et al, 1998;Stevens et al, 1999Stevens et al, , 2001Wright et al, 1999;Hamilton et al, 2004;Moreira et al, 2004). To fully understand the evolutionary history of parasitic kinetoplastids and to understand the context within which the evolution of each parasite group has unfolded, an understanding not just of the parasites, but also of broader kinetoplastid phylogenetics is required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phylogeny contains 61 Trypanosoma taxa and shows the genus to be monophyletic. T. congolense subgroups are denoted by s = savannah, f = forest, k = kilifi and t = tsavo; sequence accession numbers are given in Haag et al (1998) and Stevens et al (1999Stevens et al ( , 2001). Analysis was perfomed using PAUP* 4 (Swofford, 1998).…”

Section: The Origin Of Trypanosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis was perfomed using PAUP* 4 (Swofford, 1998). Reproduced with permission from Advances in Parasitology; see Stevens et al (2001) for full details. Taken together, this evidence suggests a scenario whereby the ancestral trypanosome was an insect parasite.…”

Section: The Origin Of Trypanosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, this paper provides an overview of kinetoplastid phylogenetics and evolution, together with a more detailed review of the evolution of the trypanosomes in the light of recent revisions in kinetoplastid systematics. For more comprehensive details of these topics, in addition to the references given above, readers are referred to reviews by Maslov et al (2001), Stevens et al (2001) and, most recently, Simpson et al (2006). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A monophyletic group consists of taxa that are descended from a single common ancestor and contains all known descendants from that ancestor. The first molecular phylogenetic studies, based on comparisons of mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNAs (rDNA), showed trypanosomes to be paraphyletic (Gomez et al, 1991;Fernandes et al, 1993;Maslov et al, 1996), while subsequent rDNA-based studies, which have included more taxa from a far broader range of host species (Lukes et al, 1997;Stevens et al, 1999Stevens et al, , 2001Wright et al, 1999;Simpson et al, 2002;Hamilton et al, 2004) (Fig. 2) supported monophyly.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Stevens

2008

Parasite

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Summary :To fully understand the evolutionary history of parasitic kinetoplastids and to understand the context within which the evolution of each parasite group has developed, an understanding not just of the parasites, but of all kinetoplastids is required. Accordingly, this paper provides an overview of kinetoplastid evolution and systematics, including coverage of the proposal by Moreira et al. (2004) to divide kinetoplasts into Prokinetoplastina (Ichthyobodo and Perkinsiella) and Metakinetoplastina (other bodonids and trypanosomatids). The implications of such a revision, with regard to correctly identifying outgroup taxa for studies of evolution within taxa of medical importance, are addressed, together with a more detailed review of the evolution and origins of the trypanosomes in the light of new phylogenies, new approaches and revisions in kinetoplastid systematics.KEY WORDS : kinetoplastid, trypanosome, Trypanosomatidae, Bodonidae, Prokinetoplastina, Metakinetoplastina, evolution.* School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. E-mail: j.r.stevens@ex.ac.uk 2000) and even in those parasites of medical importance, it is little more than a decade since the widespread introduction of DNA sequencing technologies has allowed the evolution of parasitic trypanosomatids (and kinetoplastids in general) to be evaluated by formal phylogenetic analysis (Fernandes et al., 1993;Alvarez et al., 1996;Maslov et al., 1996;Lukes et al., 1997;Haag et al., 1998;Hannaert et al., 1998;Stevens et al., 1999Stevens et al., , 2001Wright et al., 1999;Hamilton et al., 2004;Moreira et al., 2004). To fully understand the evolutionary history of parasitic kinetoplastids and to understand the context within which the evolution of each parasite group has unfolded, an understanding not just of the parasites, but also of broader kinetoplastid phylogenetics is required. Accordingly, this paper provides an overview of kinetoplastid phylogenetics and evolution, together with a more detailed review of the evolution of the trypanosomes in the light of recent revisions in kinetoplastid systematics. For more comprehensive details of these topics, in addition to the references given above, readers are referred to reviews by Maslov et al. (2001), Stevens et al. (2001) and, most recently, Simpson et al. (2006). KINTEOPLASTID PHYLOGENETICST he order Kinetoplastida comprises a group of protozoa defined by the presence of a characteristic organelle, the kinetoplast (Vickerman, 1976), a large modified mitochondrion. Traditionally, the taxonomy of kinetoplastids has been based on morphological characters and lifecycles, with the group being subdivided into two suborders: Bodonina and Trypanosomatina (Vickerman, 1976; Lom, 1976 (Castellani, 1903;Bruce & Nabarro, 1903;Lyons, 1992), haemoflagellate parasites of humans and domestic animals, including trypanosomes and Leishmania spp. are among some of the most wellstudied agents of parasitic diseases known today. In consequence, some of these organisms have long been the subject of invest...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Origin Of Trypanosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Origin Of Trypanosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Stevens

2008

Parasite

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Development of Symbionts in Triatomine Bugs and the Effects of Infections with Trypanosomatids

Eichler

Schaub

2002

Experimental Parasitology

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Searching the Tritryp Genomes for Drug Targets

Myler

2008

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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The recent publication of the complete genome sequences of Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi revealed that each genome contains 8300-12,000 protein-coding genes, of which approximately 6500 are common to all three genomes, and ushers in a new, post-genomic, era for trypanosomatid drug discovery. This vast amount of new information makes possible more comprehensive and accurate target identification using several new computational approaches, including identification of metabolic "choke-points", searching the parasite proteomes for orthologues of known drug targets, and identification of parasite proteins likely to interact with known drugs and drug-like small molecules. In this chapter, we describe several databases (such as GENEDB, BRENDA, KEGG, METACYC, the THERAPEUTIC TARGET DATABASE, and CHEMBANK) and algorithms (including PATHOLOGIC, PATHWAY HUNTER TOOL, AND AUToDOCK) which have been developed to facilitate the bioinformatic analyses underlying these approaches. While target identification is only the first step in the drug development pipeline, these new approaches give rise to renewed optimism for the discovery of new drugs to combat the devastating diseases caused by these parasites. Traditionally, drug discovery in the trypanosomatids (and other organisms) has proceeded from two different starting points: screening large numbers of existing compounds for activity against whole parasites or more focused screening of compounds for activity against defined molecular targets. Most existing anti-trypanosomatids drugs were developed using the former approach, although the latter has gained much attention in the last twenty years under the rubric of "rational drug design". Until recently, one of the major bottlenecks in anti-trypanosomatid drug development has been our ability to identify good targets, since only a very small percentage of the total number of trypanosomatid genes were known. That has now changed forever, with the recent (July, 2005) publication of the "Tritryp" (Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major) genome sequences. This vast amount of information now makes possible several new approaches for target identification and ushers in a post-genomic era for trypanosomatid drug discovery.

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The molecular evolution of trypanosomatidae

Cited by 207 publications

References 160 publications

Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Kinetoplastid phylogenetics, with special reference to the evolution of parasitic trypanosomes

Development of Symbionts in Triatomine Bugs and the Effects of Infections with Trypanosomatids

Searching the Tritryp Genomes for Drug Targets

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