The Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 among Vietnamese Australian Injecting Drug Users in Melbourne, Australia

Ryan, Claire; Elliott, Julian; Middleton, Tracey; Mijch, Anne M; Street, Alan; Hellard, Margaret; Crofts, Nick; Crowe, Suzanne; Oelrichs, Robert

doi:10.1089/aid.2004.20.1364

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Subtype C infections, usually associated with heterosexual exposure in high prevalence countries in sub-Saharan Africa, were also identified regularly in the MSM population. CRF01_AE strains, predominant in Southeast Asia and previously associated with IVDU in Victoria, 8 were also found in MSM. Subtype A1, usually restricted to heterosexual contact in countries of subSaharan Africa, was also identified in six MSMs.…”

Section: Hiv-1 Subtype Diversity In Australiamentioning

confidence: 71%

“…A small number of cases, including some linked phylogenetically, involved subtype CRF01_AE in IVDUs and heterosexuals. 8 Historically in Australia, very few females have been infected, with the most recent data (to December 2009) showing only 8.9% of a total of 29,395 infections in this country being of this gender. 9 In a previous study of HIV-1 subtypes circulating in Australia (in New South Wales), non-subtype B infections were generally acquired either overseas before travel to this country, via mother-to-infant transmission, through travel of Australian citizens to high prevalence countries, or through direct contact in Australia with foreign nationals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increasing Diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes Circulating in Australia

Chibo

Birch²

2012

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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Characterization of HIV subtypes can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the epidemic within a distinct region, and when combined with notification data, may also be helpful in enhancing current HIV prevention strategies. In this study, we characterized 1056 HIV-positive individuals (948 males and 108 females) living in Victoria and whose infection was detected for the first time between 2005 and 2010 inclusive. HIV-1 strains were subtyped based on pol gene sequence. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on all non-B subtype sequences identified. Of the 1056 sequences analyzed, 825 were subtype B and 231 were non-B. Overall 6 HIV-1 subtypes, 6 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and 12 unique recombinant forms (URFs) were identified. Regardless of gender, the majority of individuals were infected with a subtype B virus (78%). Subtype B was dominant in males (n=806, 85%). In contrast, the majority of females were infected with non-B subtypes (n=89, 82%), in particular subtype C (n=48, 45%). Phylogenetic analysis of the non-B subtypes revealed that the majority of clustering, and thereby transmission, occurred with CRF01_AE strains. Despite the relatively high numbers identified in females there was very little clustering of subtype C viruses. Subtypes C and A1 both historically associated with heterosexual transmission, and CRF01_AE often associated with IVDU, were also associated with transmission within the MSM population, demonstrating the potential for non-B subtypes to expand into the MSM population. The observation of increasing numbers of females and heterosexual males infected with non-subtype B viruses, the majority imported through migration and travel to countries where there is a high prevalence of HIV, suggests a targeted public health message may be required to prevent further increases within these two groups.

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Section: Hiv-1 Subtype Diversity In Australiamentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes Circulating in Australia

Chibo

Birch²

2012

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…Sexual transmission of HIV has emerged as a primary route of transmission among IDUs in Baltimore (Strathdee & Sherman, 2003) and San Francisco (Kral et al, 2001). Ethnic differences in HIV infection among IDUs, with minority group member having higher HIV prevalence, have also occurred in many areas (Craib et al, 2003;Hogg, Strathdee, Kerr, Wood, & Remis, 2005;Ryan et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2007).…”

Section: Future Prevention and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Among Drug Users at Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, the First 25 Years

Jarlais

Arasteh

Friedman

2011

Substance Use & Misuse

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New York City experienced the first and largest HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs). Using data collected from IDUs entering the Beth Israel drug detoxification program, we trace the history of this epidemic from the mid-1970s through the early 2000s. The epidemic can best be described in terms of successive stages: (1) introduction and rapid transmission of HIV in the IDU population; (2) stabilization of HIV prevalence at a high level (over 50%); (3) a decline in incidence and prevalence, following large-scale implementation of syringe exchange programs; and (4) a sexual transmission phase, in which HIV prevalence is approximately equal among injecting and noninjecting heroin and cocaine users, and sexual transmission is more important than injecting-related transmission among IDUs. Given the current spread of HIV among IDUs in many places in the world, New York City provides a very strong example for implementation of large-scale comprehensive syringe exchange programs as early as possible in HIV epidemics among IDUs.

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“…A group of Vietnamese IDUs living in Melbourne, Australia, had a mixed epidemic, with equal proportions of CRF01_AE and the locally circulating subtype B [55].…”

Section: Asia and The Pacificmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV diversity, molecular epidemiology, and the role of recombination

Kijak

McCutchan²

2005

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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The magnitude of the HIV pandemic and its extensive genetic variation may earn it a unique place among infectious agents. A high mutation rate and a rampant recombination are driving HIV's evolution. Nine subtypes and a variety of recombinant forms of HIV now exist. The source of recombinant forms is the multiple infection of target cells, which becomes highly significant when individuals become infected with two or more divergent strains. In the current paper, we re-examine the role of dual infection and recombination in the generation of HIV-1 diversity, both in individuals and on a global scale. The current molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 is reviewed, emphasizing the latest reports from regional epidemics.

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The Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 among Vietnamese Australian Injecting Drug Users in Melbourne, Australia

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Increasing Diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes Circulating in Australia

Increasing Diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes Circulating in Australia

HIV Among Drug Users at Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, the First 25 Years

HIV diversity, molecular epidemiology, and the role of recombination

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