The molecular epidemiology of equine influenza in Ireland from 2007–2010 and its international significance

Gildea, Sarah; Quinlivan, Michelle; Arkins, Seán; Cullinane, Ann

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00472.x

Cited by 46 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…All viruses identified in South America 2012 had an additional substitution at the predicted peptide signal sequence, K‐14T or K‐14A, when compared with the Florida clade 1 reference strain. The substitution K‐14T occurred in A/eq/San Isidro/E‐2357/2012, A/eq/Areco/E‐2397‐3/2012, A/eq/Esquel/E‐3146‐1/2012 and A/eq/La Plata/E‐2346‐1/2012 and in other strains recently circulating in Europe 11, 18, 19, 29. The substitution K‐14A, derived from the nucleotide change in the position 33 (A33G), was present in A/eq/Maroñas/E‐1918‐1/2012, A/eq/Palermo/E‐2345‐1/2012 and A/eq/La Plata/E‐2346‐2/2012 and to the authors knowledge has not previously been reported.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012

Perglione¹,

Gildea

Rimondi³

et al. 2015

Influenza Resp Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIn 2012, equine influenza (EI) virus was confirmed as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses throughout South America. In Uruguay and Argentina, hundreds of vaccinated thoroughbred horses in training and racing facilities were clinically affected.ObjectiveTo characterise the EI viruses detected during the outbreak in Uruguay and Argentina.MethodsVirus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs by a pan‐reactive influenza type A real‐time RT‐PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the HA1 gene was determined and analysed phylogenetically using mega 5 software. Amino acid sequences alignments were constructed and virus was antigenically characterised with specific ferret antisera. Paired serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis.ResultsThe diagnosis of EIV was confirmed by real‐time RT‐PCR, virus isolation and serological testing. The phylogenetic analysis of HA1 gene sequences of 18 EI viruses indicated that all of them belong to clade 1 of the Florida sublineage of the American lineage and are closely related to viruses isolated in the United States in 2012. The HA1 of viruses identified in horses in racing facilities in Maroñas, Uruguay, and in Palermo, Argentina, displayed 100% amino acid sequence identity and were identical to that of a virus isolated in Dubai in 2012, from vaccinated endurance horses recently imported from Uruguay.ConclusionsThe surveillance data reported illustrate the international spread of EI viruses and support the recommendations of the OIE expert surveillance panel to include viruses of the Florida sublineage in vaccines.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012

Perglione¹,

Gildea

Rimondi³

et al. 2015

Influenza Resp Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The complete HA gene was amplified in two separate reactions by the OneStep RT-PCR kit (Qiagen) using primers previously described by Gildea et al [12]. The PCR products were purified using the ExoStar (Illustra™, GE Healthcare UK Limited, Amersham, UK), according to manufacturer’s recommendations, and sequenced by the “Unidad de Genómica, Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA, Hurlingham”.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, the Florida sub-lineage is predominant and has evolved into two antigenically different clades: Florida clade 1 and Florida clade 2 [9]. Florida clade 1 strains have been isolated in North America since 2003 [9] and have been associated with EI outbreaks in South Africa, Japan, Australia, Europe, Dubai and South America [1,12,13,14,15,16,17]. Florida clade 2 predominates in Europe, but has been also identified in some countries of Asia [18,19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus in South America

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is considered the most important respiratory pathogen of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to substantial economic losses. The H3N8 EIV has caused respiratory disease in horses across the world, including South American countries. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the complete haemagglutinin gene of the H3N8 EIV detected in South America since 1963 were analyzed. Phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescent analyses were carried out to study the origin, the time of the most recent common ancestors (tMRCA), the demographic and the phylogeographic patterns of the H3N8 EIV. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the H3N8 EIV detected in South America grouped in 5 well-supported monophyletic clades, each associated with strains of different origins. The tMRCA estimated for each group suggested that the virus was circulating in North America at least one year before its effective circulation in the South American population. Phylogenetic and coalescent analyses revealed a polyphyletic behavior of the viruses causing the outbreaks in South America between 1963 and 2012, possibly due to the introduction of at least 4 different EIVs through the international movement of horses. In addition, phylodynamic analysis suggested South America as the starting point of the spread of the H3N8 EIV in 1963 and showed migration links from the United States to South America in the subsequent EIV irruptions. Further, an increase in the relative genetic diversity was observed between 2006 and 2007 and a subsequent decline since 2009, probably due to the co-circulation of different lineages and as a result of the incorporation of the Florida clade 2 strain in vaccines, respectively. The observed data highlight the importance of epidemiological surveillance and the implementation of appropriate quarantine procedures to prevent outbreaks of the disease.

show abstract

“…The viruses currently circulating in horses are of the H3N8 antigenic subtype (Borchers and others 2005, Bryant and others 2009, Elton and Bryant 2011, Gildea and others 2012, Cullinane and Newton 2013). In fact, all influenza viruses isolated from horses in the last 30 years have belonged to this subtype suggesting that H7N7 viruses (ie, A/eq/Prague/56) are no longer circulating in the horse population (Elton and Bryant 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a non‐updated, Matrix‐C‐based equine influenza subunit‐tetanus vaccine following Florida sublineage clade 2 challenge

Pouwels

Zande

Horspool³

et al. 2014

Veterinary Record

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Assessing the ability of current equine influenza vaccines to provide cross-protection against emerging strains is important. Horses not vaccinated previously and seronegative for equine influenza based on haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay were assigned at random to vaccinated (n=7) or non-vaccinated (control, n=5) groups. Vaccination was performed twice four weeks apart with a 1 ml influenza subunit (A/eq/Prague/1/56, A/eq/Newmarket/1/93, A/eq/Newmarket/2/93), tetanus toxoid vaccine with Matrix-C adjuvant (EquilisPrequenza Te). All the horses were challenged individually by aerosol with A/eq/Richmond/1/07 three weeks after the second vaccination. Rectal temperature, clinical signs, serology and virus excretion were monitored for 14 days after challenge. There was no pain at the injection site or increases in rectal temperature following vaccination. Increases in rectal temperature and characteristic clinical signs were recorded in the control horses. Clinical signs were minimal in vaccinated horses. Clinical (P=0.0345) and total clinical scores (P=0.0180) were significantly lower in the vaccinated than in the control horses. Vaccination had a significant effect on indicators of viraemia – the extent (P=0.0006) and duration (P=<0.0001) of virus excretion and the total amount of virus excreted (AUC, P=0.0006). Vaccination also had a significant effect (P=0.0017) on whether a horse was positive or negative for virus excretion during the study. Further research is needed to fully understand the specific properties of this vaccine that may contribute to its cross-protective capacity.

show abstract

The molecular epidemiology of equine influenza in Ireland from 2007–2010 and its international significance

Abstract: These data also serve as a scientific basis for investigating the source of epizootics and outbreaks both nationally and internationally.

Cited by 46 publications

References 25 publications

Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012

Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012

Molecular Epidemiology and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus in South America

Efficacy of a non‐updated, Matrix‐C‐based equine influenza subunit‐tetanus vaccine following Florida sublineage clade 2 challenge

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About