The molecular basis of plant cell wall extension

Darley, Catherine P.; Forrester, Andrew M.; McQueen‐Mason, Simon J.

doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0668-2_11

Cited by 125 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Cell expansion is regulated primarily by turgor pressure and by the properties of the plant cell wall, which is composed of a polysaccharide network of cellulose microfibrils cross-linked by hemicelluloses in a pectin matrix, along with numerous proteins (Somerville, 2006). The primary load-bearing elements of the cell wall are the cellulose microfibrils, and their orientation and crosslinking are key factors that determine both the direction and extent of cell expansion (Darley et al, 2001). In longitudinally expanding cells, the cellulose microfibrils are deposited primarily in an orientation perpendicular to the axis of expansion, thus constricting radial expansion (Green, 1980;Taiz, 1984;Baskin, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinases Mediate Signaling, Linking Cell Wall Biosynthesis and ACC Synthase in Arabidopsis

et al. 2008

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The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure that changes in response to developmental and environmental cues through poorly understood signaling pathways. We identified two Leu-rich repeat receptor-like kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana that play a role in regulating cell wall function. Mutations in these FEI1 and FEI2 genes (named for the Chinese word for fat) disrupt anisotropic expansion and the synthesis of cell wall polymers and act additively with inhibitors or mutations disrupting cellulose biosynthesis. While FEI1 is an active protein kinase, a kinase-inactive version of FEI1 was able to fully complement the fei1 fei2 mutant. The expansion defect in fei1 fei2 roots was suppressed by inhibition of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, an enzyme that converts Ado-Met to ACC in ethylene biosynthesis, but not by disruption of the ethylene response pathway. Furthermore, the FEI proteins interact directly with ACC synthase. These results suggest that the FEI proteins define a novel signaling pathway that regulates cell wall function, likely via an ACC-mediated signal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinases Mediate Signaling, Linking Cell Wall Biosynthesis and ACC Synthase in Arabidopsis

et al. 2008

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“…C3H hydroxylates p-coumaric acid after C4H (Dixon et al, 2001). According to Darley et al (2001), both compounds participate in the initial stages in the formation process of lignin precursors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression in the lignin biosynthesis pathway during soybean seed development

Baldoni

Pinho²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2013

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. The study of gene expression in plants is fundamental, and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in important biological processes, such as biochemical pathways or signaling that are used or manipulated in improvement programs, are key for the production of highquality soybean seeds. Reports related to gene expression of lignin in seeds are scarce in the literature. We studied the expression of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, 4-hydroxycinnamate 3-hydroxylase, and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes involved in lignin biosynthesis during the development of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) seeds. As the endogenous control, the eukaryotic elongation factor 1-beta gene was used in two biological replicates performed in triplicate. Relative quantitative expression of these genes during the R4, R5, R6, and R7 development stages was analyzed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for the gene expression study. The analyses were carried out in an ABI PRISM 7500 thermocycler using the comparative Ct method and SYBR Green to detect amplification. The seed samples at the R4 stage were chosen as calibrators. Increased expression of the cinnamate-4-hydroxylase and PAL genes occurred in soybean seeds at the R5 and R6 development stages. The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene was expressed during the ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 12 (3): 2618-2624 (2013 Gene expression of lignin biosynthesis in soybean seeds 2619 final development phases of soybean seeds. In low-lignin soybean cultivars, the higher expression of the PAL gene occurs at development stages R6 and R7. Activation of the genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway occurs at the beginning of soybean seed development.

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“…En la zona de expansión y crecimiento de las células que forman el xilema, participan una serie de proteínas y enzimas que permiten el aflojamiento de la tensión de la pared celular, dando paso a su reestructuración y posterior expansión celular, ya que se ha visto que el cambium vascular y zonas adyacentes son sitios de alta expresión de genes que codifican enzimas que modifican la pared celular, como expansinas, celulasas, endo-transglicolasas, pectin metil esterasas, poligalacturonasas y pectin/pectato liasas (Darley et al 2001, Mellerowicz y Sundberg 2008.…”

Section: Expansión Celularunclassified

“…Diferentes estudios relacionan el efecto de las expansinas sobre el crecimiento intrusivo apical de las fibras , Darley et al 2001, sin embargo los resultados obtenidos por Gray-Mitsumune et al (2008) no demostraron un efecto significativo de la sobreexpresión de expa en este tipo de células en Populus. Es posible que la acción de EXPA en el crecimiento intrusivo apical requiera de una señal para que el transcrito de expa se transporte a su sitio de acción, las puntas de las fibras; esto debido a que se ha observado que los transcritos de expa se localizan en los extremos apicales de éstas células , Gray-Mitsumune et al 2004.…”

Section: Expansinasunclassified

“…Por esa razón, cuando el xiloglucano entrante es abundante, las XTH entrantes pueden romperlo e incorporarse a la pared celular como complejos covalentes XTHxiloglucano; esas uniones covalentes de XTH pueden transglicosilar extremos no reducidos disponibles del xiloglucano unido a la pared (Sulová et al 1998), fortaleciendo la red de xiloglucano en la pared celular. Sin embargo, si se sintetiza más XTH que xiloglucano, el excedente de XTH puede entrar libre a la pared y romper las cadenas de xiloglucano unidas a las microfibrillas, dando lugar a una relajación de la tensión, permitiendo el ablandamiento de la pared y favoreciendo la expansión celular (Darley et al 2001). Por lo tanto, el efecto de XTH en la expansión celular puede depender de los grados de biosíntesis de xiloglucano y secreción a la pared celular, y de la cantidad de XTH, lo cual puede diferir entre los distintos tipos de células, siendo menor en los elementos de los vasos y mayor en las fibras (Nishikubo et al 2011).…”

Section: Xiloglucano Endotransglicosilasas/hidrolasasunclassified

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Formación De Elementos Anatómicos en Maderas Duras: Una Revisión Desde Una Perspectiva Genómica

Carrillo¹,

Elissetche²,

Valenzuela³

et al. 2013

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

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RESUMENLa madera es un recurso natural renovable que proporciona materia prima para la construcción, generación de energía, fibras para la producción de pulpa y papel, paneles y tableros, y más recientemente para biocombustibles y biomateriales, lo que la hace el quinto producto comercial más importante del mundo. Diferencias en las propiedades físicas, químicas y anatómicas de la madera la hacen un material altamente variable y complejo. Estas propiedades influyen de forma directa en su valor comercial y derivan del tamaño, forma y arreglo de los diferentes tipos de células, y de la estructura y composición química de la pared celular de las distintas células del xilema. Éstas a su vez, están controladas por distintos factores ambientales y genéticos que regulan los procesos de biosíntesis de los diferentes componentes de la madera. Para aplicar herramientas moleculares y genéticas que permitan optimizar los procesos de selección de especies forestales con características superiores, es necesario entender los mecanismos que regulan estas propiedades, lo cual incluye comprender la dinámica de la estructura de la pared celular desde la formación de la célula cambial inicial hasta la formación de las células diferenciadas finales que conforman el xilema. La presente revisión explora las principales características anatómicas y el proceso de xilogénesis, enfocado particularmente en angiospermas, discutiendo los aspectos genéticos involucrados en la determinación de las características anatómicas de la madera, como dimensiones de los elementos celulares y características de la fibra, basándose en diferentes estudios realizados con especies de los géneros Populus y Eucalyptus, además de la planta modelo Arabidopsis thaliana.Palabras clave: Maderas duras, xilogénesis, expansión celular, pared celular secundaria, expresión genética. ABSTRACTWood is a renewable natural resource that provides raw material for construction, power generation, fibers for pulp and paper production, panels and boards, and more recently, biofuels and biomaterials, making it the fifth most important commercial product in the world. The wood is a highly variable and complex material that has different chemical, physical and anatomical properties that are influencing their commercial value. These properties depend on the size, shape and arrangement of the different cell types, and of the structure and chemical composition of the xylem cell wall. At the same time, these properties are controlled by different environmental and genetic factors that regulate the biosynthesis processes of the different wood components. To apply molecular and genetic tools to optimize the selection processes of forest species with superior traits, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that regulate these properties, as the dynamics of cell wall structure from the initial cambial cell formation to the final differentiated cells formation that compose the xylem. This review explores the

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The molecular basis of plant cell wall extension

Cited by 125 publications

References 97 publications

Two Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinases Mediate Signaling, Linking Cell Wall Biosynthesis and ACC Synthase in Arabidopsis

Two Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinases Mediate Signaling, Linking Cell Wall Biosynthesis and ACC Synthase in Arabidopsis

Gene expression in the lignin biosynthesis pathway during soybean seed development

Formación De Elementos Anatómicos en Maderas Duras: Una Revisión Desde Una Perspectiva Genómica

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