The mode of action of perchlorate ions on the iodine uptake of the thyroid gland

Anbar, M.; Guttmann, S.; Lewitus, Z

doi:10.1016/0020-708x(59)90153-x

Cited by 74 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…NonHispanic white males had higher adjusted urinary perchlorate levels than non-Hispanic white females (P ¼ 0.01) and nonHispanic black males (Po0.001). Fasting for 8 or more hours was associated with decreased urinary perchlorate (Po0.001), likely due to a lack of dietary intake and the relatively short physiological half life of perchlorate in the human body (Anbar et al, 1959;Lawrence et al, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urine is the principal route by which non-lactating humans excrete perchlorate (Anbar et al, 1959;Lawrence et al, 2000). During lactation human mammary tissue expresses the sodium iodide symporter (Wolff, 1998), and thus significant transfer of perchlorate into human milk is likely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, we assumed that 100% of perchlorate intake is absorbed and excreted unmetabolized in the urine (Anbar et al, 1959;Lawrence et al, 2000). This assumption leads to underestimation of perchlorate dose in lactating women because perchlorate is secreted in human milk (Capuco et al, 2005;Kirk et al, 2005) as well as urine.…”

Section: Estimation Of Total Daily Perchlorate Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urinary perchlorate provides a reasonable measure of human exposure because 70-95% of a perchlorate dose is excreted unchanged in the urine with a half-life of B8 h (Anbar et al, 1959;Lawrence et al, 2000;Greer et al, 2002). Sensitive and selective methods are needed to quantify perchlorate anion in urine in the presence of much higher levels of chloride, sulfate and phosphate anions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perchlorate Exposure of the US Population, 2001–2002

Blount

Valentín-Blasini

Osterloh

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

172

145

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Perchlorate is commonly found in the environment and can impair thyroid function at pharmacological doses. As a result of the potential for widespread human exposure to this biologically active chemical, we assessed perchlorate exposure in a nationally representative population of 2820 US residents, ages 6 years and older, during 2001 and 2002 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We found detectable levels of perchlorate (40.05 mg/l) in all 2820 urine samples tested, indicating widespread human exposure to perchlorate. Urinary perchlorate levels were distributed in a log normal fashion with a median of 3.6 mg/l (3.38 mg/g creatinine) and a 95th percentile of 14 mg/l (12.7 mg/g creatinine). When geometric means of urinary perchlorate levels were adjusted for age, fasting, sex and race-ethnicity, we found significantly higher levels of urinary perchlorate in children compared with adolescents and adults. We estimated total daily perchlorate dose for each adult (ages 20 years and older), based on urinary perchlorate, urinary creatinine concentration and physiological parameters predictive of creatinine excretion rate. The 95th percentile of the distribution of estimated daily perchlorate doses in the adult population was 0.234 mg/kg-day and is below the EPA reference dose (0.7 mg/ kg-day), a dose estimated to be without appreciable risk of adverse effects during a lifetime of exposure. These data provide the first population-based assessment of the magnitude and prevalence of perchlorate exposure in the US.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of Total Daily Perchlorate Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Perchlorate Exposure of the US Population, 2001–2002

Blount

Valentín-Blasini

Osterloh

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

172

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Perchlorate is actively taken up by the thyroid gland and prevents iodide uptake into the thyroid, disrupting thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (Anbar et al, 1959;Capen 1996;Chow et al, 1969;Wolff, 1998). Since perchlorate competitively inhibits iodide uptake into the thyroid, less iodide is available for organification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Perchlorate on Thyroidal Uptake of Iodide with Corresponding Hormonal Changes

Yun¹,

Todd²,

Young³

et al. 2000

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Perchlorate interferes with iodide accumulation in the thyroid resulting in reduced thyroidal hormone synthesis. The objective of this project was to conduct a series of experiments to investigate the role of perchlorate on the uptake of iodide in the thyroid and its effects on the synthesis of thyroid hormones. A time course study with perchlorate (single iv dose) was performed to investigate its kinetic behavior in the adult male rat. Rats were injected with 0, 0.01, 0.1 1 and 3 mg perchlorate/kg via tail vein, challenged with 1251 with carrier at 2 h post dosing, and euthanized at predetermined time points. Three groups (n=6 per group) of 1-, 5-, and 14-day drinking water studies were performed at different levels of perchlorate (0, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg). At the end of exposure, rats were challenged once by tail vein injection with 1251 with carrier. Dose-related inhibition of thyroid iodide uptake after a single iv dose of perchlorate, and both dose-and timedependent changes in inhibition of thyroid iodide uptake were observed in drinking water studies. In both the single dose and drinking water studies, TSH and free T4 levels were elevated with T4 levels decreased. Serum T3 levels in drinking water studies remained unchanged in all dosing groups.

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