“…Three strategies, i.e. reduction, substitution and lacunarity, were exploited to increase the surface charge density and activate the surface O atoms of a POM, for instance, changing M VI (M = Mo or W) to M V by a strong reducing agent (Han et al, 2014;Salomon et al, 2018;Sha et al, 2007), substituting high-oxidation-state Mo VI by lower oxidation state V IV or Nb V (Guo et al, 2011;Niu et al, 2010;Shen et al, 2014;Yuan et al, 2003), or removing MO 6 octahedra to form lacunary POMs (Al-Oweini et al, 2018;Zheng et al, 2008). Thus, various functionalized 'value-added' Keggin derivatives, such as capped, supported, substituted or extended structures, were self-assembled through incorporating or grafting transition metals, lanthanides, organometallic or organic groups onto the surface of polyoxoanions (Dolbecq et al, 2010;Gumerova & Rompel, 2018;Zhao et al, 2016).…”