The mixability of angiographic contrast with arterial blood

Abstract

The results demonstrate that under typical injection conditions in the clinical setting, contrast issuing from the catheter completely mixes with the blood within ten artery diameters downstream of the catheter tip. Once mixed, it does not separate from the blood due to gravity.

Patient-Specific Modeling of Cerebral Blood Flow: Geometrical Variations in a 1D Model

“…Alternatively, methods to extract flow from traveling contrast agent are being developed, allowing relative flow measurements in the smaller branches of the circle of Willis. 12 If flow measurements cannot be performed at all the boundaries of the 3D segment, or only as an average in time, a 1D wave propagation model of the arterial tree may be used to estimate the flow waves at the location of interest based on measurements at more accessible locations. However, in addition to geometry and flow measurements, also pressure measurements may be needed to fully define a patient-specific 1D model.…”

Mass transfer in vascular access ports

“…Hemodiafiltration depends strongly on mass transfer coefficients as well as on concentration polarization and water filtration flux [4]. The dispersion of angiographic contrast fluid in arteries can be used as a means of evaluating arterial geometry [5]. Dissolution of a gas bubble in blood is controlled by the diffusion of the gas from the bubble surface into the surrounding blood [6].…”

Dispersive Transport of Angiographic Contrast During Antegrade Arterial Injection

“…Still images are very valuable to provide vascular dimensions, however, observations on contrast transport remain largely qualitative in nature. We examined experimentally the transport of contrast injected into a tube using high speed angiography [6]. We found that under typical coaxial antegrade arterial injection rates, which are customary in the cerebrovasculature, angiographic contrast completely mixes with a blood analog fluid under steady flow conditions within about 8 tube diameters downstream of the injection site.…”

“…Inlet flow rates used in the simulations are listed in Table 2 together with calculated values of the Reynolds number and the Craya-Curtet number, which is the ratio of the momentum fluxes of the coaxial streams [2, 6]. More detailed information on the impact of the Craya-Curtet number on the flow field distal to the catheter tip can be found in the appendix of [6]. The strategy of the solution assumes that the blood flow prior to contrast injection is steady.…”