The Mitochondrion of Euglena gracilis

Zimorski, Verena; Rauch, Cessa; Hellemond, Jaap J. van; Tielens, Aloysius G.M.; Martin, William

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_2

Cited by 23 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 133 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“…Metabolic enzymes are located in various organelles, causing specific metabolic processes to take place in different parts of the cell. For example, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle typically occurs in the mitochondria (Zimorski et al ., ). There is an extensive exchange of metabolites between subcellular compartments (Wanders et al ., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Genome‐wide characterization of Phytophthora infestans metabolism: a systems biology approach

Rodenburg

Seidl

Ridder

et al. 2018

Molecular Plant Pathology

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SUMMARYGenome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) provide a functional view of the complex network of biochemical reactions in the living cell. Initially mainly applied to reconstruct the metabolism of model organisms, the availability of increasingly sophisticated reconstruction methods and more extensive biochemical databases now make it possible to reconstruct GEMs for less wellcharacterized organisms, and have the potential to unravel the metabolism in pathogen-host systems. Here, we present a GEM for the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans as a first step towards an integrative model with its host. We predict the biochemical reactions in different cellular compartments and investigate the gene-protein-reaction associations in this model to obtain an impression of the biochemical capabilities of P. infestans. Furthermore, we generate life stage-specific models to place the transcriptomic changes of the genes encoding metabolic enzymes into a functional context. In sporangia and zoospores, there is an overall down-regulation, most strikingly reflected in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. To investigate the robustness of the GEM, we simulate gene deletions to predict which enzymes are essential for in vitro growth. This model is an essential first step towards an understanding of P. infestans and its interactions with plants as a system, which will help to formulate new hypotheses on infection mechanisms and disease prevention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Genome‐wide characterization of Phytophthora infestans metabolism: a systems biology approach

Rodenburg

Seidl

Ridder

et al. 2018

Molecular Plant Pathology

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“…contain facultatively anaerobic mitochondria that allow ATP synthesis and growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Hoffmeister et al, 2004;Ginger et al, 2010;Inui, Ishikawa & Tamoi, 2017;Zimorski et al, 2017). Under aerobiosis, Euglena mitochondria utilize pyruvate dehydrogenase to convert pyruvate formed by glycolysis to acetyl co-enzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is metabolized through a modified Krebs cycle that uses α-ketoglutarate decarboxylase and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase instead of the α-glutarate dehydrogenase of the traditional Krebs cycle (Hoffmeister et al, 2004;Zimorski et al, 2017). ATP is synthesized by electron transfer to oxygen using the five multisubunit electron transport complexes as in most other eukaryotes (Zimorski et al, 2017).…”

Section: (3) Unique Biochemistry Of Euglenozoan Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under aerobiosis, Euglena mitochondria utilize pyruvate dehydrogenase to convert pyruvate formed by glycolysis to acetyl co-enzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is metabolized through a modified Krebs cycle that uses α-ketoglutarate decarboxylase and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase instead of the α-glutarate dehydrogenase of the traditional Krebs cycle (Hoffmeister et al, 2004;Zimorski et al, 2017). ATP is synthesized by electron transfer to oxygen using the five multisubunit electron transport complexes as in most other eukaryotes (Zimorski et al, 2017). Oxygen consumption and the activities of respiratory enzymes depend on neither light nor plastid function in E. gracilis (Krnáčová et al, 2015).…”

Section: (3) Unique Biochemistry Of Euglenozoan Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…myristic acid) and alcohols (i.e. myristyl alcohol) (Inui et al, 1982(Inui et al, , 2017Coleman, Rosen & Schwartzbach, 1988;Tucci et al, 2010;Krajčovič, Vesteg & Schwartzbach, 2015;Zimorski et al, 2017). Wax ester synthesis in the mitochondria is coupled to ATP production and is termed wax ester fermentation.…”

Section: (3) Unique Biochemistry Of Euglenozoan Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria of anaerobic cells is catalysed by pyruvate:NADP + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidoreductase (PNO) (Inui et al, 1985(Inui et al, , 2017Zimorski et al, 2017). Fatty acids are produced from the acetyl-CoA by a mitochondrial malonyl-CoA-independent fatty acid synthetic system that uses acetyl-CoA as both the primer and C 2 donor (Inui et al, 1984(Inui et al, , 2017Zimorski et al, 2017). Wax ester fermentation produces a net gain of ATP from glucose because the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA is not required for fatty acid synthesis.…”

Section: (3) Unique Biochemistry Of Euglenozoan Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative molecular cell biology of phototrophic euglenids and parasitic trypanosomatids sheds light on the ancestor of Euglenozoa

et al. 2019

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Parasitic trypanosomatids and phototrophic euglenids are among the most extensively studied euglenozoans. The phototrophic euglenid lineage arose relatively recently through secondary endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic euglenid and a prasinophyte green alga that evolved into the euglenid secondary chloroplast. The parasitic trypanosomatids (i.e. Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp.) and the freshwater phototrophic euglenids (i.e. Euglena gracilis) are the most evolutionary distant lineages in the Euglenozoa phylogenetic tree. The molecular and cell biological traits they share can thus be considered as ancestral traits originating in the common euglenozoan ancestor. These euglenozoan ancestral traits include common mitochondrial presequence motifs, respiratory chain complexes containing various unique subunits, a unique ATP synthase structure, the absence of mitochondria‐encoded transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a nucleus with a centrally positioned nucleolus, closed mitosis without dissolution of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli, a nuclear genome containing the unusual ‘J’ base (β‐D‐glucosyl‐hydroxymethyluracil), processing of nucleus‐encoded precursor messenger RNAs (pre‐mRNAs) via spliced‐leader RNA (SL‐RNA) trans‐splicing, post‐transcriptional gene silencing by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and the absence of transcriptional regulation of nuclear gene expression. Mitochondrial uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing directed by guide RNAs (gRNAs) evolved in the ancestor of the kinetoplastid lineage. The evolutionary origin of other molecular features known to be present only in either kinetoplastids (i.e. polycistronic transcripts, compaction of nuclear genomes) or euglenids (i.e. monocistronic transcripts, huge genomes, many nuclear cis‐spliced introns, polyproteins) is unclear.

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Molecular tools and applications of Euglena gracilis: From biorefineries to bioremediation

Khatiwada

Sunna

Nevalainen

2020

Biotech & Bioengineering

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Euglena gracilis is a promising source of commercially important metabolites such as vitamins, wax esters, paramylon, and amino acids. However, the molecular tools available to create improved Euglena strains are limited compared to other microorganisms that are currently exploited in the biotechnology industry. The complex How to cite this article: Khatiwada B, Sunna A, Nevalainen H. Molecular tools and applications of Euglena gracilis: From biorefineries to bioremediation. Biotechnology and Bioengineering.

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The Mitochondrion of Euglena gracilis

Cited by 23 publications

References 133 publications

Genome‐wide characterization of Phytophthora infestans metabolism: a systems biology approach

Genome‐wide characterization of Phytophthora infestans metabolism: a systems biology approach

Comparative molecular cell biology of phototrophic euglenids and parasitic trypanosomatids sheds light on the ancestor of Euglenozoa

Molecular tools and applications of Euglena gracilis: From biorefineries to bioremediation

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