The mitochondrial genome of the plant bug Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae): Presently known as the smallest in Heteroptera

Abstract

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the plant bug, Apolygus lucorum, an important cotton pest, has been sequenced and annotated in this study. The entire circular genome is 14 768 bp in size and represents the smallest in presently known heteropteran mt genomes. The mt genome is encoding for two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 13 protein coding genes and a control region, and the order, content, codon usage and base organization show similarity to a great extent to the hypothetical ancestral model. All protein coding genes use standard initiation codons ATN. Conventional stop codons TAA and TAG have been assigned to the most protein coding genes; however, COIII, ND4 and ND5 genes show incomplete terminator signal (T). All tRNA genes possess the typical clover leaf structure, but the dihydrouridine arm of tRNA(Ser(AGN)) only forms a simple loop. Secondary structure models of rRNA genes are generally in accordance with the former models, although some differences exist in certain parts. Three intergenic spacers have never been found in sequenced mt genomes of Heteroptera. The phylogenetic study based on protein coding genes is largely congruent with previous phylogenetic work. Both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses highly support the sister relationship of A. lucorum and Lygus lineolaris, and Miridae presents a sister position to Anthocoridae.

Comparative mitogenomic analysis of the superfamily Pentatomoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and phylogenetic implications

“…4, Additional file 7). This is an unusual phenomenon, but has also been observed in the DHU arm in other true bugs [19, 24, 30–32]. In U. quadrinotata and E. cupreus , trnV has an extremely short (only 1 bp) DHU stem, suggesting that this tRNA may have lost the DHU arm, as has been observed in other pentatomoid species (Fig.…”

Comparative Mitogenomics of Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae): Identifying the AGG Codon Reassignments between Serine and Lysine

“…Five complete mt genomes were from Nesidiocoris tenuis [26], Apolygus lucorum [27], Lygus lineolaris [29], Adelphocoris fasciaticollis [28] and Ad. lineolatus , and four nearly complete mt genomes were from Ad.…”

“…tRNA genes were identified with tRNAscan-SE 1.21 [32]. Some tRNA genes, which could not be identified by tRNAscan-SE, were determined by sequence similarity comparison with tRNA genes of other true bugs [26], [27], [33], [34]. Protein-coding genes (PCGs) and rRNA genes were identified by BLAST searches in GenBank and then confirmed by alignment with homologous genes from other true bugs [26], [27], [33], [34].…”

“…Up to now, only four complete mt genomes of plant bugs have been reported [26]–[29]. These four sequenced mt genomes have a large variation in genome size, ranging from 14,768 bp in Apolygus lucorum [27] to 17,027 bp in Lygus lineolaris [29], and most general genomic characteristics are conserved, e.g., gene content and gene arrangement. It is worth noting that the use of non-standard anticodons at two tRNAs, tRNA Lys and tRNA Ser(AGN) , is found in mt genome of Adelphocoris fasciaticollis [28].…”

The mitochondrial genome of the land snail Camaena cicatricosa (Müller, 1774) (Stylommatophora, Camaenidae): the first complete sequence in the family Camaenidae

“…Over the last years, next generation sequencing technologies have accelerated further developments of mt genomics. The mt genomes of many vertebrates and insects are well sequenced and studied (Boore 1999; Hahn et al 2013; Wang et al 2014). However, studies on molluscan mt genomes are poor relatively (Kurabayashi and Ueshima 2000; Boore et al 2004; Grande et al 2008).…”