The mitochondrial genome of the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Acari: Phytoseiidae) is unexpectedly large and contains several novel features

Jeyaprakash, Ayyamperumal; Hoy, Marjorie A.

doi:10.1016/j.gene.2007.01.012

Cited by 57 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Several diverse species are known to have had a duplication of mitochondrial DNA resulting in 2 copies of the Dloop region on a single circular chromosome (Arndt and Smith 1998;Kumazawa et al 1998;Jeyaprakash and Hoy 2007). This leads to a model for the creation of the Brachionus mitochondrial genome structure: a duplication of the NCR/putative D-loop, perhaps mediated by homology between the 2 trnL genes, resulted in 2 D-loop regions on a single chromosome and intramolecular crossing-over with proper resolution of the Holliday junction gave rise to 2 chromosomes, each with a complete D-loop.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Circular Chromosomes of Unequal Copy Number Make Up the Mitochondrial Genome of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Suga

Welch

Tanaka

et al. 2008

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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The monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is an emerging model system for a diverse array of questions in limnological ecosystem dynamics, the evolution of sexual recombination, cryptic speciation, and the phylogeny of basal metazoans. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of B. plicatilis sensu strictu NH1L and found that it is composed of 2 circular chromosomes, designated mtDNA-I (11,153 bp) and mtDNA-II (12,672 bp). Hybridization to DNA isolated from mitochondria demonstrated that mtDNA-I is present at 4 times the copy number of mtDNA-II. The only nucleotide similarity between the 2 chromosomes is a 4.9-kbp region of 99.5% identity including a transfer RNA (tRNA) gene and an extensive noncoding region that contains putative D-loop and control sequence. The mtDNA-I chromosome encodes 4 proteins (ATP6, COB, NAD1, and NAD2), 13 tRNAs, and the large and small subunit ribosomal RNAs; mtDNA-II encodes 8 proteins (COX1-3, NAD3-6, and NAD4L) and 9 tRNAs. Gene order is not conserved between B. plicatilis and its closest relative with a sequenced mitochondrial genome, the acanthocephalan Leptorhynchoides thecatus, or other sequenced mitochondrial genomes. Polymerase chain reaction assays and Southern hybridization to DNA from 18 strains of Brachionus suggest that the 2-chromosome structure has been stable for millions of years. The novel organization of the B. plicatilis mitochondrial genome into 2 nearly equal chromosomes of 4-fold different copy number may provide insight into the evolution of metazoan mitochondria and the phylogenetics of rotifers and other basal animal phyla.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Circular Chromosomes of Unequal Copy Number Make Up the Mitochondrial Genome of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Suga

Welch

Tanaka

et al. 2008

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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“…On the contrary, Mollusca, enoplean Nematoda and Porifera exhibit a strong heterogeneity in genome size (high standard deviation in Figure 1). By way of contrast, the large standard deviation observed in Brachiopoda and Chelicerata is due to the presence of a single mtDNA with a very large size compared to the almost constant size of remaining mtDNAs (the L. anatina mtDNA is 28.8 kb long (Endo et al, 2005) against a mean value of 14.6±0.8 kb for three other brachiopods; the Metaseiulus occidentalis mtDNA is 24.9 kb long (Jeyaprakash and Hoy, 2007) against a mean of 14.8±0.8 kb for 27 other chelicerates).…”

Section: Statistics On Sequenced Mtdnasmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…As shown in Faure and Casanova, 2006;Jeyaprakash and Hoy, 2007). This variability in gene content rarely concerns proteincoding and rRNA genes (see below), and is mostly due to tRNA genes (Table 1).…”

Section: Gene Contentmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The two rRNA genes are always mitochondrially encoded, and their duplication is very rare, having been observed in only four species (rrnS is duplicated in the bivalve Crassostrea gigas and in distinct haplotypes of the pillbug nematode Thaumamermis cosgrovei (Milbury and Gaffney, 2005;Tang and Hyman, 2007); rrnL is duplicated in the chigger mite Leptotrombidium pallidum (Shao et al, 2005b); both rrnS and rrnL are duplicated in the large mt haplotype of the nematode Strelkovimermis spiculatus). Loss or acquisition of the protein-coding genes are also rather infrequent (Table 2), and the actual loss of genes remains sometimes ambiguous due to uncertainty in gene annotation or to the availability of incomplete mtDNA sequences (see the absence of nad3 and nad6 in the mite Metaseiulus occidentalis, Jeyaprakash and Hoy, 2007, and the absence of atp8 and nad6 in two Hexactinellida sponges, Haen et al, 2007, respectively). Few cases of sporadic gene loss have been reported in vertebrates (Table 2), and only the loss of nad6 in the neopterygian Choinodraco rastrospinosus has been described as a feature common to all Antarctic fishes of the suborder Nothothenioidei, due to the real loss of the protein function (Papetti et al, 2007).…”

Section: Gene Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Metazoa as exemplified by comparison of congeneric species

2008

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The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of Metazoa is a good model system for evolutionary genomic studies and the availability of more than 1000 sequences provides an almost unique opportunity to decode the mechanisms of genome evolution over a large phylogenetic range. In this paper, we review several structural features of the metazoan mtDNA, such as gene content, genome size, genome architecture and the new parameter of gene strand asymmetry in a phylogenetic framework. The data reviewed here show that: (1) the plasticity of Metazoa mtDNA is higher than previously thought and mainly due to variation in number and location of tRNA genes; (2) an exceptional trend towards stabilization of genomic features occurred in deuterostomes and was exacerbated in vertebrates, where gene content, genome architecture and gene strand asymmetry are almost invariant. Only tunicates exhibit a very high degree of genome variability comparable to that found outside deuterostomes. In order to analyse the genomic evolutionary process at short evolutionary distances, we have also compared mtDNAs of species belonging to the same genus: the variability observed in congeneric species significantly recapitulates the evolutionary dynamics observed at higher taxonomic ranks, especially for taxa showing high levels of genome plasticity and/or fast nucleotide substitution rates. Thus, the analysis of congeneric species promises to be a valuable approach for the assessment of the mtDNA evolutionary trend in poorly or not yet sampled metazoan groups.

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“…(59) The typical arthropod mitochondrial genome is circular, ranges in size from 15 to 17 kb, and encodes 13 proteins, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and a D-loop control sequence for initiating replication, with the genes located on one or both strands. (60)(61) When the mitochondrion from M. occidentalis was sequenced completely, we were surprised to learn that it is nearly 25 kb in size, which makes it the largest known mitochondrion till date in the Chelicerata.…”

Section: Nuclear Gene Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The predatory miteMetaseiulusoccidentalis: mitey small and mitey large genomes

Hoy

2009

BioEssays

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Metaseiulus occidentalis is a representative of an important family of mites (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Acari: Phytoseiidae) that are effective predators of pest mites in agricultural crops around the world. Like many arthropods, this mite contains multiple genomes, including the genomes of several microbial symbionts as well as its own mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. The mitochondrial genome is "mitey" large at 25 kb, due to duplication and triplication of genes. By contrast, the nuclear genome is "mitey" small at 88 Mb. This mite has a parahaploid genetic system, tolerates inbreeding, and has a haploid chromosome number of 3. This predator was genetically improved for use in agriculture by developing strains that lacked the ability to overwinter in diapause or were resistant to multiple pesticides, and can be genetically modified using recombinant DNA methods. Sequencing the nuclear genome would provide useful insights that could enhance genetic improvement programs that would result in improved pest management, could provide genes needed to resolve the evolutionary relationships of this family, and could serve as a model for understanding the evolution and genetics of chelicerate arthropod predators.

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The mitochondrial genome of the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Acari: Phytoseiidae) is unexpectedly large and contains several novel features

Cited by 57 publications

References 41 publications

Two Circular Chromosomes of Unequal Copy Number Make Up the Mitochondrial Genome of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Two Circular Chromosomes of Unequal Copy Number Make Up the Mitochondrial Genome of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Metazoa as exemplified by comparison of congeneric species

The predatory miteMetaseiulusoccidentalis: mitey small and mitey large genomes

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