“…Clade III was again widely accepted as monophyletic (and called Group 8) in a subsequent phylum-wide SSU rDNA analysis that included many more species (Holterman et al, 2006;van Megen et al, 2009). However, recent mitogenome phylogenies strongly support non-monophyly of clade III (suborder Spirurina) (Kang et al, 2009;Park et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2014Kim et al, , 2017Kim et al, , 2020. Specifically, in mtDNA trees, the members of clade III are split into two separate groups: Rhigonematomorpha is nested within Ascaridomorpha, forming a sister clade to Rhabditomorpha and Diplogasteromorpha, while the remaining clade III members, Oxyuridomorpha and Spiruromorpha, form a separate group (Kim et al, 2017(Kim et al, , 2020; Figure 1B).…”