“The Mirror with a Memory”: The Great War through the Lens of Percy Brown, British Correspondent and Photojournalist (1914-1920)

Fighting an Armed Doctrine: The Struggle to Modernize German Propaganda During World War I (1914–1918)

“…German censors allowed Brown to continue taking pictures and writing stories that were published in the British press. The records of this war photographer show that some Ruhleben prisoners enjoyed benefits like concert parties, decent clothes, and leisure time (Fondren, 2021a). At home, German propaganda did its part to publicize this positive image of Ruhleben.…”

“…Photography, for example, proved important to Germany's attempts to create a positive image of prison camps and refute their reputation as "merciless Huns." Percy Brown, a British photojournalist, was captured by a German counter-intelligence unit, accused of being a spy, and spent 3 years (1915)(1916)(1917)(1918) at the Ruhleben civilian prison camp outside of Berlin (Fondren, 2021a). German censors allowed Brown to continue taking pictures and writing stories that were published in the British press.…”

“Real News Arrives From Abroad”: Transnational Eyewitnessing in Leonora Raines’ War Correspondence for the New York Evening Sun (1914–1918)

“…During World War I women correspondents, especially women war reporters, were a rarity ) Edy, 2017Edy, , 2019aEdy, , 2019b(. War reporting was a male domain up until World War II when in 1944 the U.S. military constructed the concept of a woman war correspondent to govern accredited journalists' access ) Edy, 2019b(. There is a growing interest in studying the concept of transnational journalism ) Broersma, 2010;Coyle & Fondren, 2021;Grieves, 2012;Hellmueller & Berglez, 2023; van Tuyll, 2017van Tuyll, , 2021( but there are only a handful of case studies of early 20th century transnational )war( correspondents ) Cozma, 2015;Fondren, 2021b;Fondren & Edy, 2022;Seul, 2016Seul, , 2021(. Many special correspondents, especially those belonging to minority groups, freelancers, and women, did neither have professional training nor experience in war reporting.…”

“…Featurelength accounts about how ordinary women in warring countries performed new roles )as drivers, in trains, in ammunition factories, or as telephone operators( resonated with American readers, especially women, who, in a feeling of solidarity, donated money and sent relief packages to Europe ) Dubbs, 2020;Edy, 2017(. Government Censorship, Propaganda, and Media-Military Relations During foreign conflicts, correspondents provide important perspectives, context, and analysis to audiences )e.g., Cozma, 2015Cozma, , 2021Fondren, 2021b;Hamilton, 2009( and keep readers informed about the progress of the war )Seul, 2021; van Tuyll, 2021(. Today citizens increasingly produce visual eyewitness news and videos )Andén-Papadopoulos & Pantti, 2013(.…”

“…There is a growing interest in studying the concept of transnational journalism (Broersma, 2010; Coyle & Fondren, 2021; Grieves, 2012; Hellmueller & Berglez, 2023; van Tuyll, 2017, 2021) but there are only a handful of case studies of early 20th century transnational (war) correspondents (Cozma, 2015; Fondren, 2021b; Fondren & Edy, 2022; Seul, 2016, 2021). Many special correspondents, especially those belonging to minority groups, freelancers, and women, did neither have professional training nor experience in war reporting.…”