The Milky Way Project: A Statistical Study of Massive Star Formation Associated With Infrared Bubbles

Kendrew, Sarah; Simpson, Robert J.; Bressert, E.; Povich, Matthew S.; Sherman, R. D.; Lintott, Chris; Robitaille, Thomas; Schawinski, Kevin; Wolf-Chase, G.

doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/1/71

Cited by 103 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Recent observational studies of bubbles associated with H ii regions (e.g., Deharveng et al 2010), suggest that their expansion possibly triggers 14% to 30% of the star formation in our Galaxy (e.g., Deharveng et al 2010;Thompson et al 2012;Kendrew et al 2012). These observational results have revealed the importance of OB stars on star formation activity on a Galactic scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

The molecular complex associated with the Galactic H II region Sh2-90: a possible site of triggered star formation

Samal

Zavagno

Deharveng

et al. 2014

A&A

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Aims. We investigate the star formation activity in the molecular complex associated with the Galactic H ii region Sh2-90.Methods. We obtain the distribution of the ionized and cold neutral gas using radio-continuum and Herschel observations. We use near-infrared and Spitzer data to investigate the stellar content of the complex. We discuss the evolutionary status of embedded massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) using their spectral energy distribution.Results. The Sh2-90 region presents a bubble morphology in the mid-infrared. Radio observations suggest it is an evolved H ii region with an electron density ∼144 cm −3 , emission measure ∼6.7 × 10 4 cm −6 pc and an ionized mass ∼55 M . From Herschel and CO (J = 3−2) observations we found that the H ii region is part of an elongated extended molecular cloud (H 2 column density ≥3 × 10 21 cm −2 and dust temperature 18−27 K) of total mass ≥1 × 10 4 M . We identify the ionizing cluster of Sh2-90, the main exciting star being an O8-O9 V star. Five cold dust clumps, four mid-IR blobs around B stars, and a compact H ii region are found at the edge of the bubble. The velocity information derived from CO data cubes suggest that most of them are associated with the Sh2-90 region. One hundred and twenty-nine low mass (≤3 M ) YSOs have been identified, and they are found to be distributed mostly in the regions of high column density. Four candidate Class 0/I MYSOs have been found. We suggest that multi-generation star formation is present in the complex. From evidence of interaction, time scales involved, and evolutionary status of stellar/protostellar sources, we argue that the star formation at the edges of Sh2-90 might have been triggered. However, several young sources in this complex are probably formed by some other processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

The molecular complex associated with the Galactic H II region Sh2-90: a possible site of triggered star formation

Samal

Zavagno

Deharveng

et al. 2014

A&A

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“…We do not know how turbulence, gravity, and magnetic fields interact on different spatial scales to bring a diffuse cloud on the verge of star formation. We still do not have a comprehensive quantitative understanding of the relative importance of external triggers in the process, although available evidence suggests that triggering is not a major pathway for star formation Kendrew et al 2012). We do not know how the relative roles played by these different agents changes from extreme environments like the Galactic centre to the quiet neighbourhoods of the Galaxy beyond the solar circle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hi-GAL, theHerschelinfrared Galactic Plane Survey: photometric maps and compact source catalogues

Molinari

Schisano

Elia

et al. 2016

A&A

227

272

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Aims. We present the first public release of high-quality data products (DR1) from Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey. Hi-GAL is the keystone of a suite of continuum Galactic plane surveys from the near-IR to the radio and covers five wavebands at 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 µm, encompassing the peak of the spectral energy distribution of cold dust for 8 < ∼ T < ∼ 50 K. This first Hi-GAL data release covers the inner Milky Way in the longitude range 68 • > ∼ > ∼ −70 • in a |b| ≤ 1 • latitude strip. Methods. Photometric maps have been produced with the ROMAGAL pipeline, which optimally capitalizes on the excellent sensitivity and stability of the bolometer arrays of the Herschel PACS and SPIRE photometric cameras. It delivers images of exquisite quality and dynamical range, absolutely calibrated with Planck and IRAS, and recovers extended emission at all wavelengths and all spatial scales, from the point-spread function to the size of an entire 2 • × 2 • "tile" that is the unit observing block of the survey. The compact source catalogues were generated with the CuTEx algorithm, which was specifically developed to optimise source detection and extraction in the extreme conditions of intense and spatially varying background that are found in the Galactic plane in the thermal infrared. Results. Hi-GAL DR1 images are cirrus noise limited and reach the 1σ-rms predicted by the Herschel Time Estimators for parallel-mode observations at 60 s −1 scanning speed in relatively low cirrus emission regions. Hi-GAL DR1 images will be accessible through a dedicated web-based image cutout service. The DR1 Compact Source Catalogues are delivered as single-band photometric lists containing, in addition to source position, peak, and integrated flux and source sizes, a variety of parameters useful to assess the quality and reliability of the extracted sources. Caveats and hints to help in this assessment are provided. Flux completeness limits in all bands are determined from extensive synthetic source experiments and greatly depend on the specific line of sight along the Galactic plane because the background strongly varies as a function of Galactic longitude. Hi-GAL DR1 catalogues contain 123210, 308509, 280685, 160972, and 85460 compact sources in the five bands.

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“…One detailed statistical study of massive star formation in the environment of 322 Spitzer mid-infrared bubbles by using the Red MSX source survey for massive young stellar objects (YSOs) suggest that the fraction of massive stars in the Milky Way formed by triggering could be between 14 and 30 per cent (Thompson et al (2012)). Kendrew et al ( (2012)) made a similar statistical study with 5106 infrared bubbles, they estimated that approximately 22 per cent of massive young stellar stars may have formed as a result of feedback from expanding HII regions. Therefore, the infrared dust bubbles could be good sites for us to find high-mass YSOs and study the process of high-mass star formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A detailed study of the high-mass clump interacting with the bubble N10

Zhou

Esimbek

et al. 2013

Astrophys Space Sci

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We performed a detailed study of the highmass clump interacting with bubble N10 based on the spectral lines 12 CO(3 − 2), HCO + (4 − 3), N 2 H + (4 − 3) and CH 3 OH(7(0, 7) − 6(0, 6)) and continuum emission data at 450 µm and 850 µm released on CADC and Spitzer data. Blue-shifted optically thick line 12 CO(3− 2) seems to indicate that the outer envelope of the highmass clump is still falling toward the center. Detection of CH 3 OH(7(0, 7) − 6(0, 6)) suggests that a hot core has formed around YSO N10-7. And position-velocity diagram of N 2 H + (4−3) indicates the cold dense core of the clump has not been destroyed by the star formation activities. The mass of N10-7 is about 27.44 M ⊙ . The ratio HCO + (4 − 3)/N 2 H + (4 − 3) in the outer part of the clump is larger than that in the inner part of it. The reason may be that the CO abundance relative to N 2 H + (4 − 3) increased in the outer part of the highmass clump, more N 2 H + (4 − 3) were converted into HCO + (4 − 3).

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The Milky Way Project: A Statistical Study of Massive Star Formation Associated With Infrared Bubbles

Cited by 103 publications

References 59 publications

The molecular complex associated with the Galactic H II region Sh2-90: a possible site of triggered star formation

The molecular complex associated with the Galactic H II region Sh2-90: a possible site of triggered star formation

Hi-GAL, theHerschelinfrared Galactic Plane Survey: photometric maps and compact source catalogues

A detailed study of the high-mass clump interacting with the bubble N10

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