The Military Orders

Abstract

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5. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on morphology

“…Whereas this concept was based on quantified overall similarity, the cladistic approach (e.g., Forey et al 1992), which emerged in the 1970s, is rooted in the Hennigian principles, i.e. The main features distinguishing it from the classical approach ('Phylogenetische Systematik') is the formal numerical character evaluation following the principle of parsimony (usually with cladistic computer programs, see below) and the simultaneous a posteriori (after the analysis) assessment of the polarity for all characters (rooting of the cladogram) (see e.g., Forey et al 1992). The main features distinguishing it from the classical approach ('Phylogenetische Systematik') is the formal numerical character evaluation following the principle of parsimony (usually with cladistic computer programs, see below) and the simultaneous a posteriori (after the analysis) assessment of the polarity for all characters (rooting of the cladogram) (see e.g., Forey et al 1992).…”

“…Cladistic algorithms are used to calculate the branching Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/3/15 8:23 PM pattern(s) (trees, cladograms) explaining the distribution of a given set of character states with a minimum number of character state transformations (or evolutionary steps) (see e.g., Forey et al [1992] for different parsimony criteria such as Wagner-, Fitch-, Camin-Sokal-, polymorphism-, generalized parsimony). Cladistic algorithms are used to calculate the branching Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/3/15 8:23 PM pattern(s) (trees, cladograms) explaining the distribution of a given set of character states with a minimum number of character state transformations (or evolutionary steps) (see e.g., Forey et al [1992] for different parsimony criteria such as Wagner-, Fitch-, Camin-Sokal-, polymorphism-, generalized parsimony).…”

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“…Tras el correspondiente castigo real, la villa era ahora reintegrada a la Iglesia de Astorga. 142 Frente a un contexto de anarquía, el rey, en dos momentos del largo preámbulo documental, se ve impelido a contraponer imágenes convenientemente idealizadas de la realeza como reverso llamado a encauzar ese caótico panorama. En primer lugar, aparece la contraposición entre el buen gobierno de Alfonso V y la anarquía que sucede a su muerte.…”

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“…Antes había defendido la conveniencia de la conquista de Valencia. Más adelante, el maestre del Temple desaconsejó la conquista de Montcada, reflejándose una vez más el liderazgo en la guerra que le atribuía el monarca a través de su testimonio 142 . Siempre siguiendo este relato, el rey tuvo que dejar Valencia en plena conquista, y los maestres del Temple y del Hospital fueron encomendados a llevar a cabo otros posibles asaltos.…”