The mid-term review of the Lome IV Convention: Heralding the future?

Beyond Free Trade

“…Reflecting the structuralist economic thinking of the 1970s, Lomé I provided extensive non-reciprocal trade preferences and measures for 'the domestic processing of ACP raw materials' (Article 70 of Lomé II as cited by Stevens and Weston 1984, p. 28). In part, the EEC was willing to negotiate the terms of the agreement to ensure supply of primary commodities from the ACP countries in the face of real shortages of raw materials (Arts and Byron 1997). But the EEC was also pushed onto the back foot by the ACP states' relative unity and pro-active Nigerian leadership (Grilli 1993;Ravenhill 1980).…”

Mapping the Agency of a Small, Former Colonial Power: Portugal and EU Political Conditionality in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…Moreover, the reform expanded political conditionality, establishing human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law as 'essential elements'. Nonobservance of those conditions could allow the EU to partly or totally suspend its assistance, following a process of consultations (Arts & Byron, 1997). In the words of a Portuguese senior official who took part in the mid-term review, 'Portugal was one of the member states less in favour of political conditionality', but ended up accepting it because 'we did not want to stay out' (Interview, Lisbon, November 2010).…”

Conditionality and the EU–ACP Partnership: A Misguided Approach to Development?

“…The party accused of violating the founding principles of the convention is invited to hold consultation with the Commission. 5 Article…”

“…"4 According to Article 96(2)(a), consultations are to begin no later than 15 days after the request is made by either party, shall continue for a period of time established by mutual agreement and shall not last longer than 60 days. Revised Cotonou agreement added that consultation would begin no later than 30 days after the invitation to discuss the breach 5. If the consultation does not lead to a solution acceptable to both Parties, if consultation is refused, or in cases of special urgency, appropriate measures may be taken.…”