The microwave auditory phenomenon

Lin, James C.

doi:10.1109/proc.1980.11583

Cited by 61 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…An intermediate acoustic mechanism may play a role in the phenomenon observed here through thermoelastic expansion caused by rapid temperature rise due to the microwave pulse [Foster and Finch, 1974;Borth and Cain, 1977;Lin, 1980;. It should be noted that the specific absorption per microwave pulse in our experiments, 20-50 J/kg, was at least three orders of magnitude larger than for microwave pulses known to elicit auditory sensations [Seaman and Lebovitz, 1989].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Services to Operate and Maintain the Microwave Research Facility at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas

Akyel¹

2001

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Services to Operate and Maintain the Microwave Research Facility at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas

Akyel¹

2001

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“…Tissue damage appears to be the result of thermal trauma induced by the heating property of RF/MW radiation. Experiments conducted on laboratory animals have demonstrated severe ocular damage as a result of exposure [30], [31].…”

Section: J Wect On the Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The auditory response has been observed only for pulsed modulated radiation emitted as a square-wave pulse train. The pulse width and pulse repetition rate are factors that appear to determine the type of sound perceived [1], [31]. James Lin [31] reports that the sensation of hearing in humans occurs when the head is irradiated at an average incident power density level of about 0.1 mW/cm 2 and a peak intensity near 300 mW/cm 2 .…”

Section: K Auadtory Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pulse width and pulse repetition rate are factors that appear to determine the type of sound perceived [1], [31]. James Lin [31] reports that the sensation of hearing in humans occurs when the head is irradiated at an average incident power density level of about 0.1 mW/cm 2 and a peak intensity near 300 mW/cm 2 . Auditory responses have been observed for a frequency range of 200-3000 MIHz and for pulse widths from 1-100 us [32].…”

Section: K Auadtory Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation Biological Effects and Safety Standards: A Review

Bolen¹

1994

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“…The following sections describe the effective exposure parameters including thresholds for RF hearing, the dependence of RF hearing on acoustic hearing, the mechanism responsible for human perception of pulsed RF fields, and a discussion of the significance of the effect. Reviews on this subject include those by Lin [1978Lin [ , 1980Lin [ , 1981Lin [ , 1989Lin [ , 1990Lin [ , 2001; Chou et al [1982]; Elder [1984]; Frey [1988]; Postow and Swicord [1996];and Stewart [2000].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy

Elder

Chou

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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The human auditory response to pulses of radiofrequency (RF) energy, commonly called RF hearing, is a well established phenomenon. RF induced sounds can be characterized as low intensity sounds because, in general, a quiet environment is required for the auditory response. The sound is similar to other common sounds such as a click, buzz, hiss, knock, or chirp. Effective radiofrequencies range from 2.4 to 10 000 MHz, but an individual's ability to hear RF induced sounds is dependent upon high frequency acoustic hearing in the kHz range above about 5 kHz. The site of conversion of RF energy to acoustic energy is within or peripheral to the cochlea, and once the cochlea is stimulated, the detection of RF induced sounds in humans and RF induced auditory responses in animals is similar to acoustic sound detection. The fundamental frequency of RF induced sounds is independent of the frequency of the radiowaves but dependent upon head dimensions. The auditory response has been shown to be dependent upon the energy in a single pulse and not on average power density. The weight of evidence of the results of human, animal, and modeling studies supports the thermoelastic expansion theory as the explanation for the RF hearing phenomenon. RF induced sounds involve the perception via bone conduction of thermally generated sound transients, that is, audible sounds are produced by rapid thermal expansion resulting from a calculated temperature rise of only 5 Â 10 À6 8C in tissue at the threshold level due to absorption of the energy in the RF pulse. The hearing of RF induced sounds at exposure levels many orders of magnitude greater than the hearing threshold is considered to be a biological effect without an accompanying health effect. This conclusion is supported by a comparison of pressure induced in the body by RF pulses to pressure associated with hazardous acoustic energy and clinical ultrasound procedures. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S162-S173, 2003.

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The microwave auditory phenomenon

Cited by 61 publications

References 27 publications

Services to Operate and Maintain the Microwave Research Facility at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas

Services to Operate and Maintain the Microwave Research Facility at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas

Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation Biological Effects and Safety Standards: A Review

Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy

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